SCI Библиотека

В брошюре рассматривается ряд проблем, связанных с философским обоснованием теории относительности. Автор рассказывает о взглядах А. Эйнштейна на основные идеи материализма и идеализма. Показано, что теория относительности возникла благодаря использованию ученым основных положений диалектического материализма.

The development of neurotechnologies is now at a critical point where direct readout and modulation of brain activity has passed from test studies to business applications, only to urgently require adequate legal and technological guarantees. The relevance of this study is prompted by the rapid development of the fifth generation brain-computer interface (BCI 5.0), a technology that provides unprecedented potential of direct access to neural processes while at the same time creating principally new threats to digital rights of individuals. The existing legal mechanisms have turned out to be inadequate for regulating altogether new risks of manipulating consciousness, unauthorized access to neural data and compromised cognitive autonomy. The study is focused on legal and technological mechanisms for protection of digital rights in the context of introducing the fifth generation neural interface technologies including analysis of regulatory gaps, technical vulnerabilities and possible security guarantees. Methodologically, the study is based on the multidisciplinary approach bringing together neuroscience, law and information technology, and on the comparative analysis of regulatory framework and inductive inference of specific regulatory mechanisms. The main hypothesis is: legacy regulatory mechanisms for data protection in biometric and telecommunication technologies are structurally inadequate for BCI 5.0 while digital rights could be protected only by a hybrid system combining special provisions with technological guarantees via mechanisms of computational law. The author puts forward a minimum set of viable security and confidentiality standards, comprehensive cryptography and blockchain-based ap plications, as well as detailed legislative advice for ethical and safe neurotechnological development with secure guarantees of fundamental human rights in the digital age. Findings of the study are of considerable practical value for legislators, those involved in the development of neurotechnologies, regulatory bodies and advocacy organizations by proposing specific evidence-based tools and mechanisms to strike an effective balance between the innovative development and the imperatives of protecting human dignity, mental autonomy and cognitive freedom.

The authors discuss the problem of digital facial recognition technologies in the context of implementation of individual rights and freedoms. The analysis is focused on whether their use is legitimate and on interpretation of the provisions behind the underlying procedures. The authors note a significant range of goals to be addressed through the use of smart digital systems already at the goal-setting stage: economy, business, robotics, geological research, biophysics, mathematics, biophysics, avionics, security systems, health, etc. Higher amounts of data and a broader range of technologically complex decision-making objectives require to systematize the traditional methods and to develop new decision-making methodologies and algorithms. Progress of machine learning and neural networks will transform today’s digital technologies into self-sustained and self-learning systems intellectually superior to human mind. Video surveillance coupled with smart facial recognition technologies serves above all public security purposes and can considerably impact modern society. The article is devoted to the theme of legitimate use of digital facial recognition technologies and to the interpretation of provisions laying down the underlying procedures. The authors’ research interests assume an analysis of legal approaches to uphold human rights as digital facial recognition systems are increasingly introduced into social practices in Russia, European Union, United Kingdom, United States, China. The purpose of article is to shed light on regulatory details around the use of AI systems for remote biometric identification of persons in the process of statutory regulation. Methods: formal logic, comparison, analysis, synthesis, correlation, generalization. Conclusions: the analysis confirms that facial recognition technologies are progressing considerably faster than their legal regulation. Deployment of such technologies make possible ongoing surveillance, a form of collecting information on private life of persons. It is noted that accounting for these factors requires amending the national law in order to define the status and the rules of procedure for such data, as well as the ways to inform natural persons that information associated with them is being processed.

Informational privacy, often referred as data privacy or data protection, is about an individual’s right to control how their personal information is collected, used and shared. Recent AI developments around the world have engulfed the world in its charm. Indian population, as well, is living under the cyber-revolution. India is gradually becoming dependent on technology for majority of the services obtained in daily life. Use of internet and Internet of Things leave traces of digital footprints which generate big data. This data can be personal as well as non-personal in nature. Such data about individuals can be utilised for understanding the socio-economic profile, culture, lifestyle, and personal information, like love life, health, well-being, sexual preferences, sexual orientation and various other types of individual traits. Issues like data breach, however, have also exposed users of information and technology to various types of risks such as cyber-crimes and other fraudulent practices. This article critically analysis recently enacted Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP) in the light of following questions: How it tackles with the issues of informational privacy and data processing? What measures have been envisaged under the DPDP Act, for the protection of informational privacy? How individual rights with respect to data protection are balanced against the legitimate state interest in ensuring safety and security of the nation? Whether this right is available only against the State or against the non-State actors as well? etc. Having critically analysed DPDP Act, the article calls for further refinement of DPDP Act in various areas, more specifically, suggesting that, it is imperative that DPDP Act requires critical decisions based on personal data to undergo human review, ensuring they are not solely the result of automated data processing.

The last few years have witnessed a rapid penetration of artificial intelligence (AI) into different walks of life including medicine, judicial system, public governance and other important activities. Despite multiple benefits of these technologies, their widespread dissemination raises serious concerns as to whether they are trustworthy. The article provides an analysis of the key factors behind public mistrust in AI while discussing ways to build confidence. To understand the reasons of mistrust, the author invokes the historical context, social study findings as well as judicial practices. A special focus is made on the security of AI use, AI visibility to users and on decision-making responsibility. The author also discusses the current regulatory models in this area including the development of universally applicable legal framework, regulatory sandboxes and self-regulation mechanisms for the sector, with multidisciplinary collaboration and adaptation of the effective legal system to become a key factor of this process. Only this approach will producer a balanced development and use of AI systems in the interest of all stakeholders, from their vendors to end users. For a more exhaustive coverage of this subject, the following general methods are proposed: analysis, synthesis and systematization; special legal (comparative legal and historic legal) research methods. In analyzing the available data, the author argues for a comprehensive approach to make AI trustworthy. The following hypothesis is proposed based on the study’s findings. Trust in AI is a cornerstone of efficient regulation of AI development and use in various areas. The author is convinced that, with AI made transparent, safe and reliable one, provided with human oversight through adequate regulation, the government will maintain purposeful collaboration between man and technologies thus setting the stage for AI use in critical infrastructures affecting life, health and basic rights and interests of individuals.

В 1979 году в этой же серии вышел наш первый дискуссионный сборник «Диалектическое противоречие». В нем был, по сути дела, подвергнут всестороннему обсуждению один из основных законов материалистической диалектики — закон единства и борьбы противоположностей — и как закон объективного мира, и как закон познания.

Данный сборник строится по тому же принципу, как и предыдущий, и разделяется на две части: всем его участникам была предоставлена возможность сначала высказать свою точку зрения по обсуждаемому вопросу, а затем подвергнуть критике другие точки зрения и ответить на критику в свой адрес. Общее заключение по проведенной дискуссии, как и в предыдущем сборнике, дает доктор философских наук В. А. Лекторский.

Первая в нашей стране попытка специального исследования учения Ван Янмина (1472-1529), философа, оказавшего огромное влияние на развитие общественной мысли не только Китая, но и всего дальневосточного региона. Учение Ван Янмина исследуется в контексте основных проблем истории китайской философии.

Книга содержит жизнеописание Ван Янмина, анализ его мировоззрения; показано место его синтетического учения в китайской культуре; раскрыты механизмы взаимовлияния даосской, конфуцианской и буддийской идеологий; критически рассматривается оценка учения Ван Янмина китайскими и западными исследователями.

Книга посвящена малоисследованному в литературе вопросу об отношении средневековых арабоязычных философов, в первую очередь Абу Насра аль-Фараби, к классическому наследию. Использованы уже известные, а также впервые вводимые в научный оборот сочинения аль-Фараби. Особое внимание уделено начальному этапу процесса освоения учений древнегреческих мыслителей, в частности Платона. Из обширного круга проблем платонизма выбраны две важнейшие — теория идей и социальная утопия.

Историко-философские очерки, составляющие содержание настоящей работы, посвящены в первую очередь методологическим проблемам историко-философской науки. Это, впрочем, не только методологические, но и мировоззренческие проблемы, поскольку марксистское историко-философское исследование призвано выяснить отношение диалектического материализма к предшествующему философскому развитию, в частности к развитию буржуазной философии.

Неотомизм является одним из основных направлений современной буржуазной философии. Это философское учение уходит своими корнями в средневековье и дальше к отцам церкви, ко времени возникновения христианской религии вообще. Собственно томистская философия обязана своим именем средневековому схоласту Фоме Аквинскому (1225-1274). Она сложилась в XIII веке — веке наибольшего расцвета схоластики.

Возникновение неотомистской философии относится ко второй половине прошлого века и связано с изменением социально-политической, а также идеологической ситуации во многих странах Европы — Германии, Франции, Италии и других.