Научный архив: статьи

Despite the reunification of Germany taking place more than 30 years ago, the Eastern and Western federal states still have different attitudes toward foreign policy. This article explores the reasons and prerequisites for greater understanding and lower awareness of Russia in the eastern part of Germany. The author examines the correlation between East Germans’ perception of Moscow and their political culture, as well as the economic ties between the Russian Federation and the new federal states. Using archival materials, newspapers from the former German Democratic Republic, interviews, and social surveys, the author tests the hypothesis that sympathy toward Russia in East Germany may be rooted in the shared history of the GDR and the USSR. The steady dissemination of Soviet culture and the Russian language, along with various personal and institutional contacts, made Russia seem less foreign and more familiar. Furthermore, both the GDR and the USSR avoided raising difficult questions about World War II that could have complicated mutual relations. The study also identifies differences between memory politics in Germany and in several other former Eastern Bloc countries, which have influenced perceptions of Russia. Due to the nature of reunification and the rapid integration into Western organizations, reunified Germany did not construct the image of Russia as an antagonistic ‘Other’ to affirm its European identity

The article revisits Aristophanes’ Daitales fr. 233 which is often taken as (the only) evidence of Homeric glosses being drilled by Athenian youth as part of their school education in 5th c. BC. The author discusses in detail the context of Aristophanic citation in Galen’s work, the state of the text of the fragment and its modern interpretations. In fact, nothing in the text itself directly suggests that learning glosses was part of the traditional school education in Athens. On the contrary, it can be argued that Aristophanes presented glosses as linguistic innovations and intellectuals studying them as sophists. The parallels between Daitales and Clouds, as well as Plato’s Kratylos and other fifth-century texts must be taken into account when interpreting the dialogue between the Father and his Son in fr. 233. As a conclusion, the author suggests that the characters of Daitales should be interpreted differently: the Old Man in this episode of the play is not opposing the sophistic teachings, but rather using these in his argument as an instrument to demonstrate the Licentious Son his ignorance. The latter is apparently not a follower of the sophists and defends himself with his more practical knowledge of legal terms

Ancient authors did not leave us any description of ancient interpreters, and neither their usual functions nor possible social positions are known to us. Although this can be partially restored from written sources, the whole picture remains in the shadows. We are not aware of the ways in which people became interpreters in Antiquity, whether such a profession actually existed, and to what extent it is possible to apply the modern understanding of interpreters to ancient times. Finally, there are many dark corners in our understanding of historical specifics: the functions, social status and ethnic origin of interpreters obviously varied in different cultures and time frames. The use of a word or an expression defining the interpreter is another issue, for Greek ἑρμηνεύς, a traditional lexeme in dictionaries of Ancient Greek (LSJ, GE, DELG, GEW, EDG, Woodhouse), does not, in fact, always denote someone related to this line of work. In Xenophon’s Anabasis a person named Pigres is described as ἑρμηνεύς and one of the companions of Cyrus the Younger in his belligerent attempt to overthrow Artaxerxes II. Pigres is usually understood as an interpreter (Gehman, Lendle, Rochette, Wiotte-Franz, Stoneman etc.), but is there a solid basis for such understanding? What do we know about him? What does Xenophon tell us about his responsibilities? The study shows that Pigres’ identity should be understood in relation to the usage of the word ἑρμηνεύς in V–ΙV BCE and to the sociocultural context of Asia Minor under the rule of the Achaemenid dynasty

The purpose of the following paper is to identify what kind of mythical creature Aeschylus’ γρυπαίετος (‘griffin–eagle’) that caused such a scandal for ‘Euripides’ in Aristophanes’ Frogs 928–930 (= Aesch. fr. inc. fab. 422 R.) was. The term has usually been interpreted in three ways: (a) as a poetic form of ‘eagle’; (b) as a poetic form of ‘griffin’; (c) as ‘eagle of the griffin species’. The testimony of Aristophanes’ Frogs and vase-painting suggests that it may have been an idiosyncratic, archaic type of griffin, called by modern specialists ‘griffin-bird’ and characterised by having two legs, not four, and the body of a bird, not a lion. This fantastic creature appeared quite frequently on Archaic black-figure vases in Athens, but had completely disappeared by the end of the 6 th century BC. As a result, its appearance would be unknown to Aristophanes’ public, making the term γρυπαίετος impossible to make out (Ra. 930). Thus, the following paper suggests that Aeschylus’ γρυπαίετος (‘griffin-eagle’) is a fabulous composite beast made up of griffin and eagle parts, as its name suggests: a griffin head (with an open hooked beak, long pointed ears, a protuberance or horn over the eyes, and a curl or plume falling down one side of the neck) crowning an eagle body (two-legged, feathered, with wings and talons).

The mythopoetic parable of ‘Gigantomachia over being’ in Plato’s Sophist 246a4 ff. is neither a theoretical construction ad hoc of some general trends, nor a reference to a single contemporary debate, e. g., between Plato’s Academy and atomists in 4 th century BC. The controversy on the nature of being is described as a real battle on epic scale (ἄπλετος μάχη) between two camps, as a debate about fundamental problem of philosophy, that has always existed (ἀεὶ συνέστηκεν) and is still going on. In favor of the identification of the two camps primarily with the Ionian and Italian traditions in the pre-Platonic philosophy speaks the juxtaposition of the ‘Ionian and Italian Muses’ (Ἰάδες καὶ Σικελικαὶ Μοῦσαι) in the preceding context Soph. 242de. The ‘unreformed giants’ are the Ionian physikoi from Anaximander to Democritus, while their ‘divine’ adversaries, who reduce being (ousia) to immaterial forms, are the Pythagoreans, Eleatics and Platonists, as well as Socrates, who dismisses the Ionian περὶ φύσεως ἱστορία in Plato’s Phaedo and who upholds the theory of ideas in the Republic and Phaedrus. The ‘improved’ giants of the second generation are metaphysical dualists like Anaxagoras and Empedocles who admit incorporeal causes like Mind and Love alongside with matter, as well as Heraclitus, the Ionian Sophists and Antisthenes who combined ontological naturalism with teaching arete. The general scheme of the development of theories of archai in Aristotle’s Metaphysics is very similar: from those who recognized only material causes to those who admitted incorporeal moving cause (Anaxagoras and Empedocles).

The letter of recommendation was known in Antiquity as a separate genre of letter writing for which a certain set of compositional techniques and formulae were developed. In Byzantium, too, the letter of recommendation was in great demand: letters in which the author presents his protégé to the addressee and, as a rule, asks him to perform something for him are not difficult to find in the epistolary collections of many authors from the 4th to the 15 th century. Meanwhile, while the ancient letter of recommendation is well studied, the etiquette of this genre in the Byzantine tradition has hardly been investigated yet. The purpose of this piece is to characterize the etiquette norms of Greek letter of recommendation in the early Byzantine period (4th — early 7th centuries). The subject of the study are, first of all, literarische Privatbriefe, belonging to Libanius, Basil the Great, Gregory of Nazianzus, John Chrysostom, Synesius of Cyrene, Theodoret of Cyrrhus, Procopius of Gaza and others, but also private papyrus letters. Their analysis leads to the conclusion that there is a wide variability of the canons of the letter of recommendation, the absence of any rigid scheme that presupposes a clear sequence of structural elements. At the same time, it reveals six recurrent etiquette motifs, all of which are subordinated to a single goal — to persuade the addressee to patronize the recommended person. These motifs are analyzed in detail, and stable formulas are indicated for some of them. An attempt is made to determine to what extent the canons of Greek letters of recommendation of the 4 th–7th centuries go back to the ancient tradition. The letters of recommendation of Cicero and Pliny the Younger, as well as letters preserved on late antique papyri, are used as material for comparative analysis

In this study, we examine the strategies translators have at their disposal to render the meaning of Dutch modal particles in the Russian language. Modal particles are difficult to translate because the meaning of these words is abstract, highly context-dependent and sometimes open to multiple interpretations. Based on parallel Dutch-Russian texts we show which strategies translators use to express the functions of the Dutch modal particle maar ‘but’ in Russian. The modal particle maar is very often omitted in translations, because it has no equivalent in Russian and the image of reality given by the sentence does not become different in a translation when a modal particle is not translated. We find that maar is most often omitted in the function of mitigating the imperative. Translators compensate for the lack of an appropriate modal particle by using verbs with a narrower meaning in Russian which allows them to more accurately describe the drawn context. We also find that in some cases, translators make use of lexical and grammatical transformation such as using prefixes in Russian to soften the imperative, rather than omitting maar completely. In Russian, there are many possibilities to convey modal meaning in lexico-grammatical ways, for example using particles, verbs with a narrower meaning and prefixes that soften the imperative; modal verbs as such can take on the function of expressing modality, and also the verb tense can be used to convey modality

With the advancement of technology, many habits of people have changed. One of these is the habit of ordering food. While people used to place food orders through traditional means such as phone or email, nowadays, they can do so more quickly and easily through mobile food ordering applications (MFOAs). The increasing use of MFOAs has necessitated the exploration of factors influencing individuals’ intention to reuse these applications. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors influencing individuals’ intention to reuse MFOAs. The study is based on marketing theory and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) model. In addition to the seven variables proposed by UTAUT2, variables related to the characteristic features of MFOAs, such as online reviews, online ratings, and online order tracking, have been added to the same model. The research data were obtained from surveys conducted with 441 MFOA users between December 2021 and March 2022. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in the R Software. As a result, it was observed that online ratings, effort expectation, online order tracking, price value, habit, and hedonic motivation variables have a significant and positive impact on the intention to reuse MFOAs. Social influence, facilitating conditions, performance expectation, and online reviews were found to have no effect on customers’ reuse intentions toward MFOAs. The findings of the study provide insights into understanding consumer preferences and purchase intentions, offering a prediction for MFOA service providers competing for a larger market share.

В статье поднимается вопрос об освоении имени собственного Wildberries современным русским языком. Особое внимание уделяется статусу этого онима. Авторы приходят к выводу о том, что Wildberries представляет собой псевдозаимствованный эргоним, поскольку данная лексема образована как название бренда из английских корней, однако в английском языке такой композит не представлен. Актуальность исследования обусловлена высокими темпами заимствования иноязычной лексики, что в особенности характерно для нейминга в сети Интернет. Новизна исследования видится в том, что впервые с помощью опроса рядовых носителей русского языка установлены особенности фонетико-орфографической, морфологической и коммуникативно-прагматической ассимиляции эргонима Wildberries. На фонетико-орфографическом уровне рассмотрены особенности передачи формы слова, установлены случаи гиперкоррекции при передаче специфики английского произношения. На уровне грамматики авторы конкретизируют наполнение морфологических категорий имени существительного и приходят к выводу о том, что эти категории не до конца стабилизировались. К особенностям коммуникативно-прагматической ассимиляции авторы относят лингвокреативное переосмысление онима, использование эмоционально-оценочных средств и выразителей иронии, а также случаи метаязыковой рефлексии рядовых носителей.

Культ реликвий, унаследованный от поздней античности, стал одной из главных особенностей средневекового христианства. К этой теме обращаются многие медиевисты, поэтому систематический обзор состояния культа в предшествующую эпоху представляет определенный интерес. В своей книге Роберт Вишневский последовательно описывает разные аспекты почитания реликвий в IV–VI вв., обращая особое внимание на способы вступить в контакт со святыней и использовать ее сверхъестественную силу на благо людей. Автор делает интересные наблюдения, которые проливают свет на причины и обстоятельства широкого распространения культа реликвий. Вместе с тем концепция автора вызывает возражения: то, что Вишневский понимает под возникновением культа, можно считать скорее очередным этапом его развития. Рассматривая культ реликвий с определенной точки зрения и руководствуясь средневековыми критериями, автор отрицает его существование до середины IV в. Рецензент высказывает несогласие с этой позицией и приводит свидетельства раннехристианских источников о мемориальном, идеологическом и культовом значении гробниц святых.

The article aims to reveal the understanding of war in Russian religious philosophical thought by Solovyov V., Dostoevsky F., Tolstoy L., Ern V., and others. It shows the contrasting views of Russian thinkers on war and its significance for the individual and society. War is a complex moral problem in Russian philosophy, and its very emergence coincided with a period of armed confrontation with Western European powers. Experiencing wars, Russian thinkers reflected on the historical destiny of Russia, on the moral preaching of the necessity of armed defense of the Motherland, on the Christian meaning of war, and on its dialectical contradictions.

В рамках данного исследования разработан новый метод борьбы с артефактами псевдопреобразования Вигнера – Вилля – перекрестными членами, названный WGEP и основанный на EMD PWVD. Проведены экспериментальные исследования и сравнение с другим способом сглаживания, определены достоинства и недостатки.