Научный архив: статьи

The work is devoted to the problem of biosphere evolution. Questions of the origin of the biosphere, its organization, factors and patterns of evolution are considered. Particular attention is paid to the influence of man on the atmosphere.

The article aims to restore the train of thought in Petr. Sat. 118. 3–5. In 118. 3, the manuscript reading sanitatem (instead of the emendation vanitatem) is to be retained and taken not as hinting at the lack of poetic ecstasy, but as ‘stylistic simplicity’ after Pavlova 2017. The adversative ceterum does not imply that poetry is the polar opposite of rhetoric, but stresses that contrary to the expectations of poeticizing orators, true poetry is hard toil. The first neque-clause does not imply contrast with rhetoric, but calls for a copious style (in particular, copious sententiae). The second neque-clause implies that poetry must absorb an immense literary tradition in order to attain a copious language. Thus, the two coordinate neque-clauses in 118. 3 are paired as requiring copiousness (a) in style and (b) in language. In the next two sentences, (a) and (b) are specified in chiastic order: (b) the borrowed diction must be elevated (118. 4); (a) the sententiae (as the primary stylistic ornament) must be integrated into the texture of the poem (118. 5). The idea that absorbing literary tradition must enrich poetic language may be paralleled in Hor. Epist. 2. 2. 115–118. Sententiae are regarded as an essential constituent of poetic style, despite the ironic remark on sententiolae vibrantes in 118. 2

Ἐπικράτεια and ἐπαρχία are two terms used by the ancient sources to describe the Carthaginian presence in Western Sicily. Due to a lack of information about the character and details of this presence, it is crucial to precisely understand the terminology employed by our sources and all its nuances. The article challenges the widely accepted opinion that the nouns ἐπικράτεια and ἐπαρχία can be treated as synonyms. To verify whether this assumption is correct or not, a careful analysis of how the ancient authors (Polybius, Diodorus Siculus and Plutarch) used both nouns, as well as other related forms, is conducted. To make up for the limited number of occurrences of ἐπικράτεια in the analysed corpus, the relevant part of the examination also includes the use of this noun in Strabo’s Geography. The analysis allows us to highlight a significant change in the meaning of the two terms between the 2 nd century (Polybius) and the mid-1st century BC (Diodorus). This change reflects a development in the Greek political and administrative vocabulary, which was adjusting to a new reality of the Mediterranean world being organised into Roman provinces. The conducted analysis also allows us to better understand the complexity of the Carthaginian position in Western Sicily

The paper deals with the embryological teaching of Empedocles, the ancient Greek philosopher from Acragas, who lived in the 5 th century BC. The article is focused on the mechanisms by which children inherit their parents’ features in the doctrine of Empedocles. The available fragments and evidence on the teachings of early Greek philosophers often provide distorted and sometimes contradictory information. This paper attempts to carefully analyze all the evidence regarding inheritance mechanisms and bring it into an agreement with each other without resorting to abandoning some of the fragments. The most extensive information is provided to us by Censorinus, the 3rd century Roman writer, who in 238 AD wrote the treatise De die natali to congratulate his patron Caerelius on his 49th birthday. The article comments in detail on the testimony of Censorinus (De die natali, 6. 6 = 31 A 81 DK) concerning Empedocles’ views on the inheritance of parental traits by children, as well as the contradictory messages by Aetius (Aët. 5. 11. 1 = A 81) and Aristotle (De gen. an. I, 18, 723a23; IV, 1, 764a1f.; 765a 8 = 31 A 81 DK). The analysis conducted by Erna Lesky in her famous monograph of 1950 was expanded and supplemented in this article. In addition, the study takes into account the evidence of cases where children do not resemble their parents. Empedocles justifies these cases by popular superstitions, which were widespread in Europe up to the 20th century.

After the Meiji Revolution, Japan developed a strong national inferiority complex. It was manifested, in particular, in relation to the size of Japan’s territory. Even though it was comparable to the major European countries, it was still considered “small”, since Japan compared itself with the collective and “hostile” West. In addition to the territorial “smallness, there was another meaning justifying the use of the term “small” with regard to Japan. During the Meiji period, Japan had an exceptionally rapid population growth. Malthusiantinged concerns about this began to be pronounced in the late 1880s. Economists and demographers started talking about the fact that the territory of Japan was “small” for the rapidly growing population. The measures proposed by Malthus to reduce the birth rate were not discussed in Japan for ethical reasons, and also because a large population was seen as the “power” and “vitality” of the nation. Instead of measures to change reproductive behavior, projects for the resettlement of the Japanese abroad began to be proposed. However, all plans to encourage emigration were frustrated by the reluctance of the Japanese to leave their homeland. In the emigration context, publicists of that time often regarded the attachment of the Japanese to their home area as a negative property. The debate about Japan’s overpopulation escalated in the 1920s due to the food problem. It could certainly have been solved, but it would have required considerable effort and time. However, the military-political elite showed impatience and decided that the main way to solve the problem of overpopulation was military expansion. Despite the continued population growth and increasing demographic pressure, a policy of encouraging fertility began to be implemented in the late 1930s

In the modern world, primarily in developed countries, education has become the main factor of intergenerational social mobility. Sociologists judge the degree of openness or rigidity of the social structure by whether the inÀuence of “birth circumstances” on access to education increases or, conversely, softens. Although higher education has become widespread in Japan by now, this does not mean that the degree of social inequality in this area has decreased. Structuring children’s chances of access to higher education along the lines dividing society into diɣerent social strata begins here at the stage of schooling – ¿rst, in lower secondary school, and then in upper secondary school. The inequality of chances that forms at the stage of school education aɣects the choice of university rank and directions of specialization by children and their parents, employment opportunities in the future, determining, in fact, the entire life path of a person. Based on the works of famous Japanese sociologists and the data of Japanese statistics, the author shows that the Japanese education system plays a dual role. On the one hand, it provides a chance to break away from one’s social roots and move up the social ladder to an increasing number of young people. On the other hand, it preserves and reproduces social inequality. According to calculations by Japanese sociologists, indicators of relative social mobility, reÀecting the ratio of chances to access higher education for people from diɣerent backgrounds, were remarkably stable throughout the post-war period. On the one hand, this does not con¿rm the widely accepted thesis about the growing inequality in education in the last two or three decades. On the other hand, it allows us to assert that both before and now Japanese society is a kakusa shakai, or a gap society. However, the increase of the share of second-generation university degree holders in the structure of Japanese university graduates suggests that the scale of the inÀuence of the factor of social inequality in education will gradually decrease.

В статье рассматриваются подходы и методология проведения ESG-аудита в российской и зарубежной практике. Несмотря на общую цель - оценку устойчивости компаний в экологической, социальной и управленческой сферах, подходы к аудиту и оценке значительно отличаются. В зарубежной практике ESG является неотъемлемой частью стратегического планирования, подкрепленного строгим регулированием, высоким уровнем прозрачности и активным вовлечением заинтересованных сторон. Компании ориентируются на международные стандарты, а развитая инфраструктура рейтинговых агентств и доступ к инструментам «зеленого» финансирования способствуют глубокому внедрению принципов ESG в бизнес. В российской практике ESG-аудит находится на стадии формирования. Основное внимание уделяется энергоэффективности, снижению углеродного следа и выполнению базовых требований международных стандартов. Подробно рассмотрены ключевые этапы проведения ESG-аудита в российских компаниях, включая проблемы и перспективы. Система оценки за рубежом проанализирована на примере пяти ведущих рейтинговых агентств. В заключение проведен сравнительный анализ российского и зарубежного подходов, выделены сильные стороны и направления для улучшения российской практики.

20 января 2019 г. исполнилось 200 лет со дня учреждения Общества по изучению ранней германской истории (Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde). С 1826 г. в основанной обществом серии “Monumenta Germaniae Historica” (далее – MGH) начали выходить фундаментальные публикации источников по истории Западной Европы за почти тысячелетний период. В настоящее время издание продолжается, его подготовкой занимается одноименный институт, ныне базирующийся в Мюнхене и имеющий свои представительства в ряде других немецких городов. При сохранении избранной первоначально структуры серии1 и основных подходов в организации издания, новые тома выходят по современным требованиям. Нередки случаи переиздания источников с учетом новейших достижений медиевистики. Публикуемые в течение двух столетий тома серии MGH представляют собой сочетание археографической классики и новых тенденций, оставаясь в числе наиболее авторитетных в мире документальных серий.

A method of wire electron beam additive manufacturing of cylindrical bimetallic products made of CuAl9Mn2 aluminum bronze and 13Mn6 ferrite-perlitic steel was proposed for the first time to achieve strong defect-free joining of components. Cylindrical bimetallic tribotechnical components based on 13Mn6 steel and CuAl9Mn2 bronze showed a high degree of structural homogeneity and defect-free gradient zone structure when bronze was applied over steel. When the steel component is applied over bronze, the degree of mutual mixing of the components in the gradient zone increases sharply due to the high temperature of the steel relative to the bronze base. This leads to the formation of defects in the form of cracks and delaminations in the boundary zone. Despite the inhomogeneous structure of the transition zone of the samples where steel is applied over bronze, no embrittlement of the material due to infiltration of bronze into the imperfections of the steel fragment is observed, and the mechanical properties of the steel and the transition zone even exceed the similar parameters of the samples where bronze is applied over steel. The studies have shown that by the method of wire electron beam additive technology it is possible to form large-size structures from heterogeneous materials with strong and defect-free connection of components. The results obtained show that there are still tasks for further modification of the technology of wire electron beam printing of products of “bronze−steel” system with application of steel over bronze.

Titanium alloys are indispensable in the aerospace, nuclear and automotive industries due to their high specific strength, excellent creep resistance and corrosion resistance, but their use is seriously limited due to poor wear resistance. The method of еlectrospark deposition using a non-localized electrode consisting of a mixture of titanium granules with the addition of 6 –12 vol.% boron carbide powder was used to obtain metalloceramic coatings Ti-TiB2 / TiC onto Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. The results of the study show that the coatings contain αTi, TiB, TiB2 and TiC phases. It was found that with an increase in the content of boron carbide powder in the electrode to 12 vol.%, the total ceramics concentration increases to 93 vol.%. According to the metallographic analysis data, the coating thickness varied from 43.6 to 57.6 μm. The Vickers microhardness of the coatings increased monotonically from 8.13 to 12.02 GPa with increasing ceramic concentration. The use of the developed coatings allows increasing the wear resistance of the surface of the Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy by 48 and 71 times at loads of 25 and 50 N, respectively. The technology is proposed for applying metal-ceramic coatings to the Ti-6Al-4V alloy using B4C powder, which surpasses the corresponding laser coatings in hardness and wear resistance due to a many times higher concentration of reinforcing phases: TiB2 and TiC.

Enhancing the strength, hardness, and wear resistance of aluminum alloys can be done through composite forming. According to the methods of production, composites can be classified into two types: ex situ and in situ composites. In ex situ composites, the reinforcing particles do not interact with the matrix, whereas in in situ composites, a chemical reaction occurs between the reinforcing particles and the matrix. Friction stir processing (FSP) is a promising approach to forming in situ composites, as it involves the frictional mixing of solid-state metal through the combined rotational and linear movement of the tool. The aim of this work was to study the impact of multi-pass FSP on the microstructure and microhardness of the in situ composite formed on the surface of an AA6063 alloy with pre-incorporated NiO particles. For this purpose, 4-, 10-, and 20‑pass FSP of AA6063 alloy sheets with grooves filled with fine NiO powder were performed. The chemical reaction between NiO and the aluminum matrix leading to the formation of Al3Ni and Al2O3 was studied using EDS, EBSD and X-ray diffraction techniques. It was found that the quantity of Al3Ni and Al2O3 particles increased with the number of FSP passes. The maximum surface microhardness of 253 HV is reached after 10 passes. As the number of FSP passes increases, the grain / subgrain sizes of the aluminum matrix decrease. After 10 passes, the grain / subgrain sizes stabilize at a level of 0.8 – 0.9 μm.

В статье впервые для флоры Европы приводится вид Ephedra lomatolepis Schrenk, обнаруженный нами на горе Большое Богдо по результатам проведенной инвентаризации флоры Государственного природного заповедника «Богдинско-Баскунчакский». Приведены отличия E. lomatolepis от E. distachya L.