Научный архив: статьи

This article deals with the question of possible reasons for Conrad Gessner quoting an aphorism from Julian the Apostate’s letter (Ep. 23, to Ecdicius, prefect of Egypt) under the name of Marcus Aurelius in the preface to his Bibliotheca universalis, the first European universal bibliography (1545). Basing on the articles in Bibliotheca devoted to the above-mentioned authors, we can conclude that Gessner was directly acquainted with Julian’s letters (he obviously relied on the collection of Greek letters published by Aldus Manutius in 1499 under the title Epistolae diversorum philosophorum, oratorum, rhetorum), whereas no texts of Marcus (including fragmentary ones) were available to him by 1545. The topic of the search for a library and the question of how to treat the books written by religious opponents, which occupy a central place in Julian’s letter to Ecdicius, must have attracted Gessner’s attention, especially since the solution proposed by Julian turned out to be consonant with Gessner’s thoughts expressed in Bibliotheca. Thus, the false attribution of the quotation, undoubtedly deliberate, was, on the one hand, to prevent possible reproaches from conservative readers for quoting an anti-Christian author, and, on the other hand, to draw attention of a competent reader to Julian’s text

Based on the analysis of statistical and information sources, academic publications, and the authors’ personal experience, the article analyzes the peculiarities of Japanese minimarkets that rank among amazing Japanese inventions, creations, and practices and have become an integral part of the Japanese way of life and a trademark of the country. In the academic literature, there have been no comprehensive works focused on this phenomenon so far, and their regional peculiarities, especially the geography of stores operated by different chains, are almost completely neglected. The purpose of this article is to highlight the key academic discourse, to characterize the unique character and universality, which, in fact, constitute the phenomenon of konbini, as well as to identify their regional features. The study clearly shows that these stores, which came to Japan from the United States in 1973, have been completely transformed and are constantly evolving, changing the store concept and presenting a globally unique phenomenon. It describes the characteristics of the leading chains of these stores in their endeavor to gain even greater popularity among consumers and the innovations that have emerged in recent years, including those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Studying the phenomenon of konbini, the authors, on the one hand, note their transformation into an important element of social infrastructure, that meets the needs of modern society and is especially necessary in the context of rapidly progressing aging of the population, and, on the other hand, their certain negative impact, especially on the younger generation. The paper features an analysis of the regional characteristics of these stores and the cartographic material illustrating them. It is revealed that, within prefectures, the location of konbini correlates with the number of inhabitants (the number of stores is proportional to the population of municipalities), and each of the 20 konbini chains operating in Japan is located in its own specific area. The authors conclude that konbini facilitate the development of the country’s regions as a whole, and their role in Japanese society cannot be overemphasized. The Japanese experience can be relevant to other countries, including Russian chain stores

The article revisits the policies of Abe ShinzŮ, Japan’s longest-serving prime minister, and places them in the context of the current trend of civilizations advancing as a major factor in international aɣairs. We brieÀy examine the development of the inÀuential concept of a “civilizational state,” today most often exempli¿ed by China, and suggest that this concept can be used to elucidate Abe’s vision of Japanese polity and its position on the global arena. Based on the review of the relevant scholarly literature, we argue that Japan’s traditional selfidenti¿cation as a mediator between Asia and the West also conforms to the idea of a civilizational state. We highlight that the key factor inÀuencing the international situation over Abe’s second administration (2012–2020) was the rise of China in the aftermath of the 2008–2009 ¿nancial crisis, which exposed the West’s relative economic decline. In these circumstances, Japan attempted to assume a position of a mediator between the two poles of power, a position that we relate to Abe’s political aspirations such as his quest for Japan’s greater political autonomy and his appeal both to Asian identity and universal values. In certain respects, this tendency continues after Abe’s resignation in 2020 as well, though whether current and future leaders of Japan will continue with his general approach is a complicated question. We conclude by arguing for urgency of the discussion of the political ideas that mediate between the universal and the local values and identities – a task for which Abe’s legacy appears to us to be particularly relevant.

The paper focuses on the concept of the Jante law (janteloven), formulated by A. Sandemose in 1933 in his novel En flyktning krysser sitt spor. Fortelling om en morders barndom (A Fugitive Crosses His Tracks. A story about a murderer’s childhood), which later became an element of the cultural code of Denmark and Norway. In this study we follow C. Levisen in his distinguishing between the “literary Jante law”, described by A. Sandemose in his novel, and the “linguistic” Jante law, which is a collocation in the Danish and Norwegian languages. This lexicalization of the concept has been brought about by the specific Scandinavian mentality, conditioned by a number of reasons (the agrarian Scandinavian culture, the Lutheran ethos). In the modern Danish and Norwegian languages the concept of janteloven is negative and is used in specific types of discourse (sports, popular culture, business, politics, psychology, schooling, immigration problems, feminism). Besides, there are numerous reformulated Jante laws (den positive jantelov, den omvendte jantelov, antijantelov, jenteloven, Danskerloven), which proves the precedence of the notion in the Danish and Norwegian cultures. The dominating American individualistic culture influences the development of a new system of values (ambition, self-concern, pushiness are no longer viewed as negative qualities), which results in a conflict between the traditional and the new in the Danish and Norwegian cultures: the Jante law comes into conflict with the so-called achievement culture (præstationskulturen). As a social construct and a secret regulator of public relations the janteloven has found its place between the number of other concepts (hygge, trivsel and so on), yet the janteloven has been specifically reflected in political practices, both in its formal expression (development of various “canons”) and in the methods of countering the imposition of certain phenomena on the part of government authorities

Статья посвящена вопросу о специфике понимания дизайна в разных регионах. В узком смысле дизайн - продукт культуры модернизма, и его истоки можно проследить еще в европейской рациональности времен Просвещения. Однако к сегодняшнему дню понимание дизайна сильно расширилось, и разные регионы мира предлагают разное понимание дизайна, внося свой вклад в «науку» о дизайне. Цель статьи - на основе анализа современного тренда в средовом дизайне «japandi», предполагающего смешение традиций скандинавского (североевропейского) и японского дизайна, обозначить сходства и различия в понимании дизайна в Японии и странах Северной Европы. И хотя «japandi» - тренд 2020-х годов, необходимо отметить, что влияние японского дизайна на североевропейский можно проследить еще в середине ХХ века. Исследование опирается на компаративный метод, предлагая сравнение разных моделей дизайна в контексте географических, историко-культурных и социально-экономических особенностей регионов. Следуя Н. Скоу и А. Мунку, авторы анализируют североевропейский дизайн с помощью ключевых слов: «север», «природа», «модели» [общественного благосостояния] и «минимализм». Авторы заключают, что специфика североевропейского дизайна в целом строится на идее «умеренности» - балансе природы и культуры, функционализма и поп-культуры, он социально ориентирован и, как следствие, прост, но не строг в своей приверженности простоте. Это делает его доступным и понятным каждому. При этом дизайн здесь - «образ жизни». Продолжая логику ключевых слов, авторы заключают, что основными для японского дизайна являются: «традиция», «природа», «минимализм» и «забота». В японском дизайне созидание нового происходит путем встраивания в старое. Его минималистичность обусловлена не только влиянием буддизма и традиционной эстетики, в частности простоты «ваби», но и в целом «вестернизацией». Также «японский минимализм» связан с заботой о других людях, он «созерцателен», чему способствует традиционная связь с природой и эстетика потертостей «саби». Хотя дизайн в обоих регионах стремится к покою, гармонии с природой и простоте форм, в целом японский дизайн «созерцательный», а североевропейский - «умеренно уютный» («хюгге»). «Japandi» - это западный тренд, ппредлагающий «уютную» Японию «для всех».

Bugungi Oliy darajadagi davra suhbatining barcha ishtirokchilariga samimiy minnatdorlik bildirishga ijozat bergaysiz.

Bugungi Oliy darajadagi davra suhbatining barcha ishtirokchilariga samimiy minnatdorlik bildirishga ijozat bergaysiz.

ShHT evolyutsiyasi doirasida Janubiy Osiyo omili vaqt o’tishi bilan katta ahamiyat kasb etadi. Agar ilgari Markaziy Osiyo SHHT faoliyati doirasida asosiy geografik tarkibiy qism bo’lgan bo’lsa, u erda Rossiya ham, Xitoy ham mintaqaviy hamkorlikni rivojlantirish uchun tegishli muhitni yaratgan kuchlarning oqilona muvozanati mavjudligini ta’minlagan. Hozirgi vaqtda, 2000-yillarning oxiri va 2010-yillarning o’rtalaridan boshlab, SHHT faoliyati doirasida Janubiy Osiyo omili ShHT faoliyati kontekstida asosiy elementlardan biri sifatida kuchaytirilmoqda. Xitoy-Hindiston strategik raqobatining kuchayishi tashkilotga yangi turtki berdi va SHHT uchun muhim mintaqaviy diplomatik platforma sifatida yangi istiqbollarni ochib berdi. ShHTni endi mintaqaviy xavfsizlik uchun mas’ul tashkilot deb hisoblash mumkin emas, uning faoliyati allaqachon ikki mintaqaga tarqalib, makro mintaqaviy xavfsizlik arxitekturasini yaratmoqda.

The article is devoted to the problems of Russian-Japanese relations on the Chinese Eastern Railway at the initial stage of its history. Workers from Japan were not invited to build the road, but the Japanese were already among the first settlers in the city of Harbin, founded in 1898 by the Chinese Eastern Railway Society. After a short break caused by the Russo-Japanese War, bilateral relations were quickly restored. In 1906, as the Russian troops withdrew from Manchuria, the Japanese began to return to the Chinese Eastern Railway. Since 1907, Japanese officials, entrepreneurs, cultural and sports figures from Japan began to take an active part in the sociopolitical, economic, and cultural life of the city of Harbin. It was here that the first “Russian-Japanese Society” was created. The Japanese in Harbin were mainly employed in such areas as trade, medicine, entertainment, and domestic service.

An important component of bilateral cooperation was cooperation in the railway sector. Due to the tradition and the inaccessibility of sources, the history of the Japanese population of Harbin is poorly studied in Russian historiography. The purpose of the research is to restore the historical picture and identify the problems of the Japanese presence in Harbin and the Russian- Japanese interaction on the Chinese Eastern Railway in the period between the Russo-Japanese War and the First World War. The study was carried out on the basis of materials from the periodicals of Harbin, with the involvementThe information and analytical materials published in the newspapers Harbinskii Vestnik (Harbin Bulletin), Harbin, Novaya Zhizn’ (New Life), and Man’chzhurskii Kur’er (Manchurian Courier), especially advertising, allow one to get an idea of the composition of the Japanese community, the occupations of the Japanese and some problems of Russian-Japanese relations in 1906-1914. The study of development of the Chinese Eastern Railway by the Japanese, their coexistence and cooperation with the Russians in Harbin will expand knowledge of the history of the Chinese Eastern Railway and achieve a more complete and objective picture of the history of Russian-Japanese relations in the 20th century.

Данное исследование посвящено проблеме jus resistendi. Внимание уделено генезису концепции от античной и средневековой философии до Нового времени с акцентом на учения Гоббса, Локка и Руссо. Дан обзор нормативных документов, содержащих в том или ином виде jus resistendi. Выявлена тенденция рентерпритации jus resistendi. Поставлена проблема возможности без противоречий и искажений намерения включить jus resistendi в нормативные акты. Затем рассмотрен взгляд И. Канта на право на сопротивление. Выявлено, Кант исключал возможность включения права на сопротивление в поле легального. Следовательно, применительно к проблеме сопротивления как сохранения status quo, становится очевидна необходимость поиска более разумного и легального решения в существующих условиях. В перспективе же опеки граждан над своим же правительством, проблема снимается, т. к. постановка её неприемлема.