Научный архив: статьи

Статья содержит данные о находках Rhynchospora fusca (L.) W. T. Aiton в Архангельской области и дополняет представления о распространении этого редкого вида, занесенного в Красную книгу Российской Федерации, а также в красные книги и списки некоторых европейских стран. Выявленные местонахождения вида — самые восточные точки его ареала, удаленные от ранее известных более чем на 300 км. Приведена краткая характеристика фитоценозов, в которых вид произрастает, в том числе сообществ, в которых он доминирует. Выявленные места произрастания находятся на особо охраняемых природных территориях.

The article investigates an early theological justification of the radical detachment from society expressed in a saying by the famous Egyptian hermit Arsenius the Great (4 th‒5 th century) who avoided contacts not only with lay people, but even with his fellow monks in the desert of Sketis. This justification is to be seen in connection with the phenomenon of monastic secluded life which suddenly emerged in the second part of the 3 rd century, in sharp contrast with traditional views of the catholic Christians of the 1 st‒3 rd centuries on the way of life suitable for the followers of Christ. In this article, the radical break with this early paradigm is called the “revolution of the solitaries”. Arsenius, who lived about eighty years after the first monks in Egypt started to be recognized as a distinct phenomenon in public space, does not necessarily draw on the oldest layers of the traditions justifying and explaining the religious motivation for being alone. Nevertheless, his statement is one of the first pieces of theological reflection on the subject transmitted in full which opens a number of intriguing possibilities for further research on this widely neglected field. The article provides the historical context of Arsenius’ justification which includes criticism of the anachoretic monasticism in the pagan and Christian communities. Some critics of the secluded life consider it as contrary to the Jewish and pagan wisdom as well as to the revelation of Christ, a statement making Arsenius’ apology most precarious. Of special inrerest is that Arsenius, when staying away remaining secluded from all kinds of people, was to a certain degree guided by the example of Socrates

The aim of this article is to reopen the investigation of the ablative absolute in Latin and to analyse this construction and its use from one angle, namely, the coreferentiality rules. The examples for analysis have been taken from the Gallic Wars. As has been noticed before, in several works, the use of the absolute construction in texts written by classical authors, such as Caesar or Cicero, allows us to formulate a rule concerning its coreferentiality. As far as the syntactical coreferentiality is concerned, the classical rule requires an absolute construction to be — unsurprisingly — absolute, i. e., non-coreferential. This rule seems to be increasingly ignored by later authors. However, a deeper analysis taking into account not only syntactical but also semantical coreferentiality shows that the absoluteness of the construction is not so absolute after all, even in classical Latin. The examples of such use of the ablativus absolutus may be seen as forerunners of the change that occurred between classical and late Latin. The author proposes a hypothesis that an independent but similar development of the use of absolute constructions in different languages may suggest that there is a kind of interlinguistic tendency to substitute nominal phrases for subordinate clauses, especially in spoken language

The Greek grammarian and lexicographer, Hesychius of Alexandria (5 th–6th c. CE) included a Pamphylian gloss: βουρικυπάρισσος ἡ ἄμπελος. Περγαῖοι in his dictionary of rare and dialectal words. Based on a microphilological and lexical analysis, I suggest that the Greek text should be read as follows: βουρίꞏ κυπάρισσος ἢ ἄμπελος. Περγαῖοι (“bourí: cypress or grapevine. Citizens of Perge”). The Pamphylian gloss in question represents two different borrowings of terms originating in the Near East. The first item βουρίꞏ κυπάρισσος (‘cypress’) seems to have been borrowed from Akkadian burāšu(m) ‘a kind of conifer tree; juniper or cypress’ with a Lycian intermediary (Akk. burāšu → Luw. *burašiš > Lyc. *burehi > *burhi → Pamph. βουρί), whereas the second one βουρίꞏ […] ἄμπελος (‘grapevine’) reflects a separate loanword from an Anatolian source, cf. Hitt. and Luw. muriš c. ‘a grapevine, a vine, a cluster or bunch of grapes or other fruit’. The Pamphylian dialect of Ancient Greek represents an extraordinary idiom, which was used in the neighbourhood of numerous Anatolian languages such as Lycian, Milyan, Sidetic, Pisidian and Cilician. It is therefore not surprising that the Pamphylian Greeks borrowed a number of cultural terms for plants from an Anatolian Indo-European source, as well as from Akkadian or other West Semitic languages via Luwian and Lycian. Additionally, other possible Anatolian borrowings into Ancient Greek (e. g. Gk. dial. βωληνή ‘a type of grapevine’, μῶλαξ ‘id.’ vs. Hittite maḫlaš c. ‘grapevine, Vitis vinifera L.’) are mentioned and reviewed

This article analyses the role of the prophet Teiresias in the Bacchae of Euripides in the particular context of sophistic influence. It views the originality of the prophet’s depiction as reflective of Euripides’ creative self-consciousness within an agonistic genre that relied on the malleability of ancient myth, particularly towards the end of tragedy’s “golden era”. Our particular aim is to present the prophet independently of the Sophoсlean background against which Teiresias is often viewed, and as a more complex figure than a (not especially satisfactory) radicalization of his earlier incarnations. The prophet in Bacchae is a liminal figure poised between tragedy and comedy, man and god, male and female, tradition and innovation. As such he parallels many of the “doublings” characteristic of Dionysus himself. The analysis re-examines the extent and nature of the comedy in the early Teiresias–Cadmus–Pentheus scene (170–369) in the context of the most recent scholarship. It then offers a close examination of the so-called sophistic speech by the prophet (266–327) within the framework of contemporary attitudes to sophism and how this has unfairly influenced scholarly perception of Teiresias’s authority as a dramatic character. The argument aims to establish Teiresias’s incarnation as both fifth-century intellectual and representative of traditional values. He thus reflects the tension between old and new in the integration of Dionysiac religion in mythical Thebes

The aim of this article is to analyse the theme of envy and its complexity in Josephus’ works in rhetorical and strategic sense rather than just as a literary topos. The paper focuses on two cases motivated by envy: Korah’s rebellion against Moses and the conflict between Josephus and John of Gischala. In these two cases, both the characteristics of envious persons and the richest descriptions of their sinister activities appear. The idea of Korah’s envy was not based on the Bible or the Second Temple literature or traditions but on Josephus’ own experiences from the period of his short-term command in Galilee (December 66 — July 67) when he was in conflict with envious John of Gischala. Thanks to this procedure, he was able to create the self-apologetic impression that his fate and that of Moses were intertwined because they had opponents with similar characteristics who were motivated by the same vice. Moreover, Josephus in both narratives follows the specific sequence according to which the envy leads to a “plot” (ἐπιβουλή), then to “false accusations” (διαβολή) and finally to a “sedition” (στάσις). He strategically used the theme of envy for his own apology to condemn his enemy, John of Gischala. The envy he felt disclosed the character of a person who was worse than Josephus in terms of personality traits. Josephus instead appears before the readers as a stoic sage who is free from weakness such as envy. At the same time the author draws attention to his own well-deserved success, thus the presence of envy becomes an indicator of his achievements. He conceals his own negative actions during his command in Galilee and tries to direct the audience’s attention to a specific arrangement of events that will lead to blaming his opponent. Keywords: Josephus, Korah, Moses, John of Gischala, conceptions of envy

This review focuses on the new book by the renowned German scholar Heinz-Günter Nesselrath on Lucian of Samosata, an author whom Nesselrath has been studying for over 40 years. The review gives a brief overview of the preface, the nine chapters and the afterword. Among the undoubted merits of this book is that Nesselrath has succeeded in presenting his view and his understanding of Lucian’s rich legacy, which have developed over many years of working with the texts. This is what distinguishes Nesselrath’s book from the companions popular nowadays, where a plurality of opinions and approaches of the authors of the articles naturally arises. On the one hand, the author perfectly shows that the genre and content diversity of the works, the heterogeneity of literary masks are quite amenable to comprehensive consideration. There is no reason to speak of “the comedy of nihilism” or “the palimpsestic evanescence of author’s voice” (T. Whitmarsh). Through Nesselrath’s book, a distinct, consistent portrait of Lucian as a writer is created. On the other hand, this book once again confirms the unfounded and biased judgements of J. Bernays, R. Helm, who regarded Lucian as a mere epigone and a mediocre writer. The book’s shortcomings may include the fact that the author speaks of the division of rhetoric and philosophy and notes that there is another opinion, but does not elaborate on it. Equally neglected is the manuscript tradition of Lucian. Nonetheless, the unified concept, the well-thought-out structure, the lively and lucid presentation of the material allow us to say that this book is the long-awaited basic study that has been sorely lacking for Lucian

This study examines the role of government subsidies and private sector lending in stimulating China’s economic growth while assessing the prospects for expanding the social credit system. This study covers the period from 1990 to 2023 and is based on data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The paper applies theoretical analysis, as well as correlation and regression methods, to assess the long-term impact of various types of subsidies on macroeconomic indicators. The article examines theoretical models describing the relationship between social subsidies and economic growth and analyzes government subsidy programs. Special attention is given to the analysis of the social credit system, which evaluates the behavior of citizens and organizations, encouraging compliance with laws and regulations to enhance social stability and predictability in economic agents’ behavior. The findings demonstrate significant correlations between the volume of social subsidies and economic growth, indicating that social subsidies encourage household spending. However, the long-term effectiveness of subsidies in increasing productivity and innovation remains limited. In conclusion, it is noted that there is a need to improve the mechanisms for distributing subsidies and integrating the social credit system in order to achieve more effective economic growth, taking into account the need to maintain social stability in Chinese society.

With the rapidly changing economic environment and inherent market conditions, risk assessment is becoming a major priority for companies involved in innovative projects. Innovative projects are characterized by great uncertainty and their success largely depends on a variety of factors. To improve the quality of risk assessment for such projects, it is essential that you use methods that consider the complex relationships between many variables. This paper suggests a model based on fuzzy sets and Bayesian networks that allows you to effectively analyse and manage the risks of innovative projects. Using fuzzy sets can help you take into account the uncertainty in the data and work with fuzzy information, which is of prime importance, as there are a lot of diverse data that must be considered in innovative projects. With Bayesian networks, you can model probabilistic relationships between risks and project factors, which gives you a more accurate idea of potential risks and helps you predict possible scenarios for the project. Our model represents an innovative approach to assessing the risks of innovative projects and contributes to more effective risk management and informed decision-making in the case of complex projects. It can also facilitate sustainable development of the innovation sector and increase the competitiveness of companies due to the more efficient use of resources and a higher probability of successful innovative initiatives in the long run

Исследован феномен мобильных оркестров, которые появляются на территории Китая в эпоху раннего Средневековья, на основе развития караванной торговли в экономике и кавалерии – в сфере военного дела. В реализации этой социальной потребности активное участие принимали «согдийцы» Западного края и кочевые народы северной степной зоны, в том числе создавшие собственные государства на захваченных китайских территориях. Появление музыкальных ансамблей из всадников-музыкантов можно проследить по их воспроизведению в глине в составе погребальной пластики, которую находили в гробницах периода «16-ти государств» или эпохи Северных династий; в последнем случае обычно фигурировал народ сяньбэйских табгачей. Формируется особая музыка «барабана и духовых», с помощью которой поддерживался четкий ритм в походах и построениях на полях сражений, которую исполняли военные музыканты, как правило, сидя верхом на конях или, реже, верблюдах. В дальнейшем их состав расширяется до парадных оркестров, участвовавших в придворных церемониях. В данной статье авторы в основном использовали материалы из экспозиций ведущих музеев КНР, что является первым шагом в изучении сформулированной темы.

The paper analyses Karen Blixen’s short story “The Sailor-boy’s Tale”, which opens her collection “Winter’s Tales” (1942), in comparison with the Danish translation made by the author in the same year. The Danish text is considered the result of a process of auto-translation, recoding, and adaptation of the text for the Scandinavian reader. In the Danish version, the prose is more rhythmic and the descriptions are more vivid, which enhances the sensual authenticity. However, allusions to English and American authors and quotations are translated into Danish, which obscures their significance as markers of intertextual dialogue. Additionally, the dialogue with Scandinavian pretexts and paintings familiar to the Danish reader becomes more pronounced.

The article focuses on three colours among those present in Danish politics: red, blue and purple. While red and blue seem to have a long history, as these political colours have been historically used by socialist and liberal parties, their symbolic meaning in Danish politics over the last thirty years has become more nuanced, due to the fact that they represent something more than mere allegiance to the ideas they stand for. They indicate belonging to the socialist and the liberal bloc that form the two-bloc system, which can be perceived as an attempt to combine some features of a two-party system with the pluralism of a multi-party one. Until the last 2022 Folketing elections almost all parties, regardless of their specific party colours, could be put either on the red, or on the blue scale in election-polls, while the emergence of The Moderates (Moderaterne) led by Lars Løkke Rasmussen, a classical centrist party, has introduced another colour into the mix: purple. The use of political colour and corresponding collocations in Danish media are explored in order to establish, how deeply the red-blue divide has influenced the general understanding of party and government politics. Another goal is to explain the choice of the purple (and not violet) colour, which seems to communicate much more than the aesthetic taste of the party’s leadership. The emergence of new colour collocations in Danish politics and the overall willingness to use them by the Danish-speaking community can be indicative of the long-awaited changes in collective political preferences, not limited to the emergence of the new party. The use of different hues of red and blue also features in the research, as it helps understand the peculiarities of the Danish political life and the aspirations of prospective voters