Статьи

В статье рассматривается расширенная версия идеи о том, что преднамеренная рандомизация (частным случаем которой являются лотереи) может быть полезным инструментом для решения различных социальных и политических проблем, выходящих за рамки второстепенных вопросов. Она способствует обсуждению роли лотерей в социальной и политической жизни тремя способами. Во-первых, в нем утверждается, что рандомизация применима к различным типам задач, а не ограничивается выбором между дискретными альтернативами, как это обычно воспринимается. Это расширяет сферу ее возможного применения, включая, например, задачи, связанные с оценкой или разработкой политики. Во-вторых, в ней описывается множество возможных причин и обоснований для использования социальной рандомизации, что еще больше расширяет применимость лотерей к социальным проблемам. Хотя в философских дискуссиях часто упоминаются нормативные основания для проведения лотерей, такие как равенство, справедливость и эпистемологическая рациональность, существует множество прагматических причин использовать их в социально значимых целях. В-третьих, основываясь на этом разнообразии использования, в статье предлагается эвристический принцип рандомизации по умолчанию, утверждающий, что рандомизация может быть общим подходом к социальным и политическим вопросам, используемым по умолчанию. Рассматривая рандомизацию как средство общего назначения, легче распознать и реализовать потенциал социальной рандомизации и устранить некоторые распространенные аргументы против использования случайного выбора в общественных делах.

Статья посвящена исследованию истоков швейцарской государственности, рассматриваемых через призму концепций политической и культурной нации. Прослеживаются основные этапы становления Старой Конфедерации, особенности формирование уникальных общественных институтов, таких как прямая демократия, реализуемая путем плебисцитов, коммунализм, кооперативизм, вечный нейтралитет. Особое внимание уделяется лингвистическому фактору в политической жизни страны и его конфликтогенному потенциалу. Автор приходит к выводу, что совокупный эффект консоциональной демократии и пересекающихся лояльностей в комплексе с институционально закрепленным квадрилингвизмом снижает вероятность развития этнополитических конфликтов в стране. Отмечается также, что на протяжении большей части своего исторического и политического развития Конфедерация не формировала всеобъемлющей инклюзивной модели патриотизма, сохраняя и культивируя как партикуляризм, так и автономию входящих в нее сообществ. Отстаивая концепцию «добровольной нации» (Willensnation) в качестве основного источника швейцарской государственности, автор апеллирует к таким факторам, как особенности исторического развития страны и ее географического положения в окружении европейских абсолютистских режимов, институт прямой демократии, феномен «кантонизации», религиозный ландшафт, высокий уровень грамотности населения, способствовавший социальной коммуникации, экономическая модернизация, система «языковой гармонии» (Sprachfrieden). В заключение отмечается, что в конце XIX в. на основе гражданской идентичности постепенно формируется и культурное национальное сознание под влиянием государственного патриотического дискурса, объединившее комплекс мифов, символов и нарративов с институтами Конфедерации. Результатом этого процесса стал симбиоз гражданской и культурной составляющих швейцарской национальной идентичности.

Self-stigma remains one of the most vexing issues in psychiatry. It complicates the treatment and
social functioning of patients with endogenous psychiatric disorders. Identifying the specific features of self-stigma depending on the type and duration of the endogenous mental illness can help solve this problem.

AIM: The aim of this study was to establish the level and specific features of self-stigma in patients with various types of chronic endogenous psychiatric disorders at different disease stages and to establish the correlation between the level of self-stigma and the attitude of the patient to his/her disease and treatment.

METHODS: Clinical psychopathology assessment, psychometric scales and questionnaires: “Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale” (PANSS), “Questionnaire for Self-Stigma Assessment in Mentally Ill Patients”, and Russian versions of the “Insight Scale for Psychosis” (ISP), and “Drug Attitude Inventory” (DAI-10). The cross-sectional study included 86 patients with endogenous mental illnesses (bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

RESULTS: The analysis of the results of the “Questionnaire for Self-Stigma Assessment in Mentally Ill Patients” showed that at the initial disease stages the highest level of self-stigma is observed in patients with bipolar affective disorder (M±σ=1.22±0.73; Me [Q1; Q3]=1.10 [0.83; 1.60]), while the lowest level was observed in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (M±σ=0.86±0.53; Me [Q1; Q3]=0.77 [0.31; 1.25]). Patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective
disorder and a disease duration more than five years participating in a long-term comprehensive psychosocial rehabilitation program also demonstrated high rates of self-stigma (M±σ=1.20±0.57, Me [Q1; Q3]=1.26 [0.89; 1.47]). The study groups showed differences in terms of the structure of components of self-stigma and their severity; significant correlations
were uncovered between the self-stigma parameters and the attitude of patients to their disease and therapy.

CONCLUSION: The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the specific features of self-stigma in patients with various endogenous disorders at different stages of the disease. These data can be used as part of a comprehensive psychosocial treatment program for this patient cohort, as well as for future research.

Suicide cases in Mexico have increased during the last two years and are the second-leading cause of death in the young adult population.

AIM: To describe gender differences in violent suicide attempts as relates to diagnosis and the seeking of psychiatric care.

METHODS: A descriptive retrospective study was conducted. The referral forms of 241 patients who had attempted suicide were analyzed.

RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 29.1 (SD=10.8) years, n=140 (58.1%) of the sample were women. Affective disorders were the most frequent diagnoses for both sexes. Women were more likely to delay seeking psychiatric care: 60 days versus 30 days of delay for men (p=0.009). Men were shown to more frequently resort to violent suicide methods. Both women and men who used violent suicide methods were shown to delay by more days the seeking of
psychiatric care than those who were found to have used non-violent suicide methods.

CONCLUSION: We found that patients who use more violent methods of suicide took longer before seeking psychiatric care. This delay in accessing psychiatric care can be thought to contribute to the fact that completed suicides are more frequent within that category of patients. The majority of suicide attempts occurred in the 17–24 years age group; therefore, it seems reasonable to analyze the existing barriers to seeking psychiatric care, mainly in the young adult population, and to design strategies to bring mental health services closer to this population group.

Supplementary description of Ctenobelba (Caucasiobelba) urhani Baran, 2015 is presented, based on adults collected from Georgia. The morphological similarity between Ct. (Ca.) urhani Baran, 2015 and Ct. (Ca.) reticulata Subías and Shtanchaeva, 2010 is discussed.

The unsaturated epoxyketones of the aliphatic and alicyclic series – 2-methyl-1,2-epoxy-4-
hexene-3-one and 2-methyl-5-(cyclohex-3-enyl)-1,2-epoxy-4-hexene-3-one in the presence of sodium ethylate easily undergo the addition reaction with β-diketone – acetylacetone, acetoacetic and malonic esters with formation of primary Michael adducts – functionally substituted ketoepoxides. Their further conversions by intramolecular aldol condensation lead to the formation of epoxy alcohols of the cyclohexanone series. The hydrobromination, bromination and amination of cyclohexanone epoxy alcohols proceeds with the participation of an oxirane and cyclohexene ring, which leads to the formation of new bromo- and amino derivatives of cyclohexanones.

Regularities of a production system development are discussed on the basis of the notion that progress in human economic activity is related to advances in the technological use of human effort and energy sources, which are regarded as the most important societal production resources. The concept of substitutive work of equipment P is introduced, which in all respects is equivalent to the efforts of people in production; it can be considered a service of capital, and is regarded as a value-forming factor, along with the traditional production factors. System output (value production) is defined as a function of three variables, two of which are: labour L and substitutive work P, are regarded as active sources of value, which allows us to introduce an energy measure of value, while physical capital K, as a production factor, plays a passive role. Under the assumption that the production system seeks to use all available social resources defined by circumstances external to the system, equations for production factors are formulated; they are also accompanied by equations for the technological characteristics of production equipment. The trajectory of the system development is determined by the characteristics of the system itself and the availability of social resources, which cannot be used completely simultaneously, which leads to a change of modes of development and fluctuations in output, i.e. business cycles. Using the example of the U.S. economy, it is demonstrated that the system of equations is able to describe the observed trajectory of development and output of the production system.

Abstract. The necessity and possibility to construct a holistic world picture in the conditions of on-going differentiation and specialization of modern science significantly inferior to the concomitant integration process is shown. The construction of a unified world picture is done with the help of the system-structural methodology, the main method of which is the levels of structural organization of matter providing a sequential transition as a chain from one level to another from elementary particles to the maximum space objects, including biological and social systems and back providing a law-governed sequence of transitions through the levels of structural matter organization. All this is useful for any scientific research at the initial and final stage, as well as, in an educational system.

To simulate processes of various physical and chemical nature (which is important for solving various practical problems associated with systems characterized by the occurrence of physical and chemical processes in them), the authors previously developed in the framework of modern non-equilibrium thermodynamics potential The stream method of mathematical modeling of these processes is a unified approach to the description and modeling of processes of various physical and chemical nature. The authors also considered obtaining a mathematical model of a physical and chemical system from the equations of the potential-flow method that describes the processes in this system (this model is a relationship between the output characteristics of the physical and chemical system under consideration that have practical meaning). This approach is Monte Carlo methods, according to which the factors of the flow of physical and chemical processes are randomly set, the corresponding dynamics of these processes are determined from the equations of the potential-flow method, and then the model of the system under consideration is approximated on these dynamics. Hence, to reduce the amount of computation, it is necessary to simplify this system of equations piecewise. This paper is devoted to the simplification of potential-flow equations.

The paper considers the process when a self-organized system is reaching its evolutionary maturity. The results obtained can be applied to explain orbital characteristics for five planets of the solar system. The system does not possess specifics of natural objects and is regarded as part of a structure that has borders. In its turn, the structure is understood as a network consisting of nodes (the allowed states) and connections between them. The system is formed as a deployment of a proto-structure, being a two-component cyclically organized system of relations, which is interpreted as the primary structure intended for a step-by-step study of evolution. Evolution is understood as a history-based stage-by-stage deployment. The proto-structure defines the range of the allowed states for n, the order parameter of the system, which subordinates two relative characteristics. As a result of the interaction, the elements of the specified spectrum are split into components and specialize. In this work, the initial data are derived from the analysis of the previous stage of evolution, where the splitting of ten n-nodes within one isolated cycle of the proto-structure is considered. Here we examine five n-nodes; in details, they are presented using approximately fifty interacting positions. These positions are located on three hierarchy levels: the level of positions n, as well as their splittings - the level of shifts n relative to the initial positions - the level of splitting shifts. The inter-level relations and the level of shifts are considered in detail, the basis of which is the invariants formed at the previous stage of evolution.
For application purposes, in the context of circular motion, each element of the spectrum n is interpreted as a relative angular momentum in the solar system. Otherwise, the element of the spectrum is split into components, and each of them is responsible for the subordinate distance or for the period of revolution. The evolutionary maturity of planetary distances and orbital periods

In the work, based on the equations of the compressible oscillating ether, derived from the laws of classical mechanics [2, 4-5], ether mathematical models of the nuclei of atoms of chemical elements were constructed. It is shown that the nucleus of any atom is a superposition of perturbation waves of ether density in several protons and several neutrons, having a common center and propagating around a common axis in one direction or in opposite directions, that is, having unidirectional or opposite spins. Formulas for the values of internal energies, masses, magnetic moments, and binding energies of atomic nuclei are derived, with an accuracy of fractions of a percent coinciding with their experimental values. Formulas for calculating the radii of atomic nuclei are obtained. Answers are given to many topical questions about the structure of atomic nuclei that modern atomic physics is not capable of answering, for example: why there are no nuclei consisting only of protons or only of neutrons; what is the nature of the nuclear forces holding together protons and neutrons in the nucleus; why the sizes of atomic nuclei practically do not depend on the atomic number of the chemical element; why the Coulomb barrier of the nucleus selectively works; why the fragments of the decomposition of transuranium elements into two nuclides are asymmetric; why there is no stable nucleus ; what is the reason for the different percentage in nature of different isotopes of the same chemical element?

The self-organizing system’s approaching evolutionary maturity is considered, which allows us to explain the characteristics of their orbits for the four planets of the solar system. The system does not possess any specifics of natural objects and is treated as part of a structure that has boundaries. The structure, in its turn, is represented as a set of relations on the numerical axis and is understood as a network of nodes (the allowed states) and relations between them. The system is formed on the basis of the deployment of a proto-structure, a two-component cyclically organized system of relations, which is treated as primary and is intended for a phased study of the evolution of natural systems. Evolution is understood as a deployment from stage to stage, taking into account the background. The proto-structure defines the spectrum of allowed states for n - the order parameter of the system, which subordinates two relative characteristics. As a result of the interaction, the elements of the specified spectrum are split into components and specialize. Here the feed data are the insights resulting from the analysis of the previous evolution stage, where the splitting of ten n-nodes within one isolated proto-structure cycle is considered. We study four n-nodes, which, as a result of detailing, are represented using approximately 50 positions interacting on the numerical axis. These positions are placed at three levels of the hierarchy: the level of positions n, as well as their splits - the level of shifts n relative to the initial positions - the level of small changes. Inter-level connections and the level of shifts are considered in detail, the basis of which are the invariants formed at the previous stage of evolution. An analysis of structural scenarios indicates the key role of shifts at the last stage of evolution.
When applied, each element of the spectrum n is interpreted as the relative moment of momentum in the solar system, when it comes to circular motion. Otherwise, any element of the spectrum is