Научный архив: статьи

The present contribution examines the relationship between ancient Greek comic poets, who worked in different periods and cultural contexts. The study considers the specific case that binds Epicharmus (Syracuse, 5th century BC), Nikophon (Athens, 5th century BC) and Hegesippus (native of Taras, 3rd century BC). The comparison of fragmentary texts casts new light on the connection between these authors, highlighting the reuse of subjects previously known and developed. The main part of this work analyses a long fragment from Hegesippus, where a boastful chef compares his own culinary skills to the seduction technique of the Homeric Sirens. The juxtaposition of these monstrous beings with food is not only a parody of Homer and does not constitute a new image in the Greek comic literature. Instead, it seems to be part of a shared repertoire, since it was used by Epicharmus and Nikophon two centuries earlier. It is therefore possible that the ancient Greek comic poets had at their disposal a number of models and situations already tested and deemed good for the success of the pieces. The paper considers the importance of Epicharmus’ image and examines the function of the Homeric parody as well as the meanings that it conveys. Hegesippus refers to this subject with an allusion which should be easily understood by his audience

The article attempts, firstly, to critically analyze the traditional order of cases in Latin, secondly, to discover an internal mechanism that brings the elements of a paradigm together, and thirdly, to present a new model of the nominal and pronominal case paradigms in Latin. The authors develop the idea that the crucial role in structuring a case paradigm belongs to morphemic syncretism. The syncretism is treated as a systemic phenomenon of morpheme neutralization rather than a result of phonetic reduction. In the paradigm built on this principle, the cases marked with the same endings necessarily take adjacent positions. There is a certain correlation between the morphemic syncretism and the semantics of cases extensively exemplified in the Latin literature. Taking this as reference point, the authors establish a formally motivated paradigmatic order of cases and single out a set of semantic features that shape the case paradigm. This method enables authors to find the non-contradictory paradigmatic positions for both the core and the “marginal” cases (vocative and locative). Applied to the pronominal cases, however, it reveals the significant discrepancy between the nominal and pronominal paradigms concerning two cases — nominative and genitive. The pronominal nominative’s special status is determined by its pragmatic rather than syntactic functions, which is typical for pro-drop languages. The genitive case appears in three different forms that originate from the possessive pronouns and correspond to the three basic functions of the genitive — possessive, objective, and partitive ones. Such transparadigmatic syncretism brings together the paradigms of personal and possessive pronouns, which are related by nature. The ORBIS ROMANUS approach suggested in this study makes it possible to present in a new way the nominal and pronominal case paradigms, to demonstrate in what points they differ from each other, and to highlight some functional and semantic features of the particular cases

Zusammenfassung: Die Frage, ob Plutarch der Rhetorik gegenüber eine ablehnende Haltung einnimmt oder nicht, beschäftigte schon seit dem 19. Jh. eine Vielzahl von Wissenschaftlern. Die traditionelle Ansicht ist, dass seine Einstellung eher negativ sei: Obwohl er den Wert der Rhetorik als Mittel der Überzeugung im Bereich der Politik anerkenne, schreibe er trotzdem dem Ethos die dominierende Rolle zu. Wie aber im Folgenden gezeigt wird, ist diese Vorstellung nach einer genaueren Untersuchung der entsprechenden Texte in ihrem historisch-kulturellen Kontext nur teilweise berechtigt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Plutarchs Äußerungen zur Rhetorik vor dem Hintergrund des traditionellen Konflikts zwischen Rhetorik und Philosophie betrachtet und dabei im Verhältnis zu drei thematisch bedeutsamen Oppositionen analysiert, nämlich zu jener zwischen dem Lehren und dem Überzeugen, zwischen der Rede und dem Ethos, und zwischen den Philosophen und den Sophisten. Daraus ergibt sich, dass die sekundäre, unterstützende Rolle, welche die Rhetorik an einigen Stellen als Mittel der Überzeugung einnimmt, eher zu relativieren als hervorzuheben ist. Denn sie lässt sich jeweils aufgrund ihrer argumentativen Funktion erklären. In anderen Fällen im plutarchischen Werk, in denen die Rhetorik behandelt wird, ohne dass zugleich die gewöhnliche Opposition zwischen Rede und Ethos eine Rolle spielt, ist die geäußerte Haltung jeweils grundsätzlich positiv

Le présent article concerne l’influence de l’érudition humaniste sur les pratiques étymologiques du XVIe siècle, dont témoignent les ouvrages de référence néo-latins et les traités spéciaux de linguistique et d’histoire. Étant une partie importante de la recherche historique, qui reposait principalement sur des sources littéraires grecques et latines, l’étymologie ne pouvait qu’adopter certains principes et instruments importants de la philologie contemporaine, notamment la critique des sources. La règle principale était d’étudier les textes dans leur langue et leur forme d’origine et d’éliminer toute donnée corrompue ainsi que toute information non attestée par des sources écrites. Cela présumait que chaque texte avait sa propre histoire écrite, comprise principalement comme une détérioration progressive de son état, représentée par la tradition manuscrite, qui était sujette aux erreurs des scribes et aux interprétations erronées. Ce point de vue des humanistes sur l’histoire textuelle correspondait à celui sur l’histoire des langues, qui était traitée comme une corruption permanente et une dégénérescence inévitable de l’état noble et parfait de leurs ancêtres anciens. Visant à restaurer le texte original, la philologie utilisait l’emendatio comme remède contre les abus de scribes et les pertes textuelles; de même, les historiens des langues avaient leur propre outil, à savoir l’étymologie, pour reconstruire et expliquer la forme originale des mots (y compris la nomenclature des sciences). L’intersection des deux procédures est prise en compte dans l’article, qui montre comment les conjectures textuelles, la collation des manuscrits et l’interprétation graphique des erreurs de lecture ont été employées par les savants du XVIe siècle pour corroborer leurs spéculations étymologiques, qui formaient elles-mêmes l’une des voies de la réception et de la critique du patrimoine littéraire classique

This article aims to put Latin impersonal passive into the context of covert categories, specifically pluractionality. I try to reanalyse six passages from the Roman grammatical texts, mostly compiled in Heinrich Keil’s Grammatici Latini, in which the meaning of Latin impersonal passives is considered. There are two groups of evidence. The first one (passages from Diomedes, Priscian, and frg. Bobiense de verbo) presents the impersonal passive as a linguistic strategy that shifts focus from an agent to a situation, while the second one (Diomedes and two excerpts of Servius’ commentaries on Virgil) concentrates upon the number of agents. In the last case, a verbal action is considered to be a collective one involving many people, and therefore, in my opinion, falls into the category of pluractionality. Being a diverse phenomenon, the term pluractionality includes participant plurality, which is realised either in a subject or in an object depending on whether the verb is intransitive or transitive. Intransitivity of the Latin impersonal passive forms, as it seems, may imply agent plurality rather than subject plurality, since impersonal passive constructions are subjectless. Furthermore, in my opinion, the evidence provided by Latin grammarians demonstrates a contraposition of the 1 st person singular, 1 st person plural and 3rd person singular passive forms

This piece studies the Portuguese version of the so-called Notarial Latin, the Latin of medieval documents. The author briefly overviews the reasons why these written records have been scarcely explored — the low availability of texts, the unreliability of existing editions and the perception of Notarial Latin as a corrupted language. The chronological framework of Notarial Latin, its correlation with Late and Medieval Latin and its sociolinguistic peculiarities are described. It is suggested to primarily focus on the morphosyntax of Notarial Latin. The results of the analysis of eighteen texts created between 1033 and 1183 are then presented followed by the analysis of various deviations from the grammatical norm of Latin caused by the interference of Galician-Portuguese. In nominals, there is a violation of the norms for the use of some prepositions (foremost, the preposition de). The case system generally remains. In the verb system, the regular use of Latin Futurum II in the function of the Portuguese Futuro de Conjuntivo which developed on its basis is evident. However, contrary to expectations, there are practically no traces of Romance verb analyticity. On the syntactic level, there is a tendency towards the SVO word order. The frequent cases of Romance interference indicate supposedly the most profound transformations that took place during the formation of Galician-Portuguese from vernacular Latin. It is concluded that the study of Notarial Latin is promising for a contrastive typology of Latin and Romance languages

The article represents an analysis of lexical and grammatical interference phenomena, which arise between French and Dutch under active bilinguism in Belgium. A language contact in the social environment and in the consciousness of an individual is the reason for active mixing of these two language systems, whilst a regular, mostly consensual transfer of lexical units or grammatical constructions results in their gradual entrenching in the language variants and coming into usage. The investigation is primarily concentrated on the cases of insertions from French into the Flemish variants of Dutch and on the description of interference peculiarities in this situation. The article gives a special attention to the language situation and its backgrounds in Belgium, as well as to the statistical data on the number of those speaking the main languages of the country. In addition, an assumption is made that the multitude of the languages of migrants constantly inhabiting Belgium is a thread to the Belgian bilinguism. The cases of lexical interference are divided according to the categories of parts of speech. Most often interference occurs in case of nouns or verbs; adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions and interjections reveal this phenomenon rarer. The lexical interference is represented by the cases of direct borrowings or calquing (semantically or morphologically). Classifying these lexemes thematically is rather difficult, because in the most cases they cover all possible themes of everyday communication. The grammar interference primarily reveals in altering the standard word order in the Flemish variants of Dutch (especially, in French Flemish) under the influence of French syntax, as well as in the situations, when double negation is used

The article analyzes the lexical-semantic group “fire” in the Old Norse and the modern Norwegian languages. Old Norse is the ancestor language of modern Norwegian, which opens up wide opportunities for comparative analysis of the chosen lexical units’ semantic content. The aim of the study is to compare historical and modern lexical-semantic variants of the selected lexemes. The authors distinguish the following Old Norse lexemes of the lexical-semantic group “fire”: eldr, bál, bruni, brenna, and log (logi); in modern Norwegian those are ild, bål, brann, lue, flamme, bluss, and fyr. The material for the analysis is a text corpus including Icelandic sagas and Norwegian works of fiction and news articles, which serve as a basis for contextual analysis aimed to identify the inherent meanings of the words. The authors conclude that the modern Norwegian language retains a great variety of vocabulary with the basic meaning of “fire”, which also was typical of the Old Norse language. Each of the studied words has a number of lexical-semantic variants, and not all the Norwegian lexemes considered derive their etymology from the Old Norse ones. Moreover, several lexical units in modern Norwegian have acquired a number of additional meanings, which can be explained by historical and technological development of society. The authors note that the group of lexemes under consideration is also characterized by the phenomena of metonymic and metaphorical transfer. Metaphorical transfer is of particular interest, as it is manifested in the description of strong feelings and emotions, both in Old Norse and in modern Norwegian.

Сегодня компьютерные игры перестают быть исключительно средством досуга или эскапизма, а игровое пространство все чаще политизируется. Обозначенный процесс связан с тенденциями роста числа и расширения демографии пользователей, формированием альтернативных пространств социальной коммуникации, в том числе поверх национальных границ, а также появлением и выработкой у пользователей новых поведенческих паттернов и передач ценностей через игровой процесс. Выделяются две особенности современного политического участия граждан: все более востребованное взаимодействие с «новыми медиа» для отправки запроса политической системе через двухуровневую модель коммуникации, а также увеличение количества «театральных практик» в политике. В работе делается вывод, что компьютерные игры, как уже неотъемлемая часть метавселенной, позволяют множить пространства реального и виртуального, тем самым становясь эффективным и востребованным инструментом политики. Метавселенные потенциально усиливают конфликтность в обществе благодаря сокращению физической дистанции и последующей прямой коммуникации представителей различных социальных групп, игровой элемент и условность «нереального» мира формирует иную этику коммуникации без ограничений реального мира, а также создаются условия для реализации нетипичных в традиционном пространстве форм поведения. Это актуализирует гипотезу, что со временем игровые площадки начнут активнее модерировать деятельность пользователей в компьютерных играх. Структурно политическое участие в компьютерных играх не отличается от обычного, его целью точно так же является завоевание и удержание власти в оффлайн-государстве.

In the history of Soviet kolkhoz (collective-farm) research, the ‘advanced kolkhoz (millionaire) phenomenon’ remains almost unexplored, although it was a notable social-economic phenomenon. Members of the Korean advanced kolkhozes in Central Asia, which operated since the late 1930s to the 1980s, at first adapted to the kolkhoz system through hard work, but later became very active in creating social-cultural institutions within the kolkhoz system for common benefit (not only ethnic Koreans but also natives). Regionally, the overwhelming majority of Korean advanced kolkhozes, including the legendary ‘Polar Star’ and ‘Politotdel’, were active in Uzbekistan, followed by Kazakhstan. Perhaps, Korean advanced kolkhozes in Central Asia reached the peak of the Soviet-style socialist agricultural civilization in the 1960s - 1970s. These well-to-do Korean kolkhozes in Central Asia developed a strong social infrastructure in their community as a basis for the contemporary living culture. Local common assets were formed from their own abundant undivided funds, consumption and cultural funds. However, what is more important is that Korean kolkhozes-millionaires not only built an excellent material and technical foundation in the villages based on their high economic performance, but also created harmonious multiethnic communities while enjoying various social benefits similar to city life.