Научный архив: статьи

The article presents generalized data on artistic pigments of more than a thousand Russian icons of the Synodal period (18th — early 20 th centuries) from various art centers; the research was submitted at the State Research Institute for Restoration (GOSNIIR) since the 1990s. Most of the icons were created in the Old Believer environment, but their artistic materials are characteristic for all the late Russian icon painting. As a result of chemical analysis, the following pigments were found: blue — blue verditer, Prussian blue, indigo, smalt, cobalt blue, artificial ultramarine blue, in very rare cases — natural ultramarine blue (found only in the Urals icons); green — glauconite, copper resinate, natural malachite, emerald green (copper acetoarsenite), viridian (hydrated chromium oxide); yellow — ochre, orpiment, chrome yellow, cadmium yellow, Mars yellow, yellow organic pigments, in rare cases — Naples yellow; red — vermilion, red ochre, red organic pigments, rarely — Mars red, and cadmium sulfoselenide (since the 1920s); orange — red lead, realgar, and crocoite (the last two pigments are characteristic of the Urals icons); white — lead white, zinc white. These pigments were used both in pure form and in mixtures. For example, green colour could be made by mixing yellow and blue pigments, and orange colour — by mixing red and yellow ones. This assortment of pigments and the time limits for their use are of practical importance for the attribution of Russian icons. The article is an updated version of the only systematic long-term study of materials of late Russian icon painting, conducted at GOSNIIR

Современные формы будущего времени несовершенного вида в русском языке прошли сложный путь развития. Исходя из результатов исследований М. Мозера и Я. А. Пеньковой, в предлагаемой статье анализируются перифрастические конструкции, выражающие значение будущего времени. Анализ проводится на материале Вестей-Курантов середины XVII в. Этот корпус текстов является важным источником для исследований русской грамматики того времени. Статья показывает, что в ВестяхКурантах конструкция буду + инфинитив относится к числу наиболее часто используемых конструкций для образования будущего времени

В раннехристианском сочинении «Страсти святых Перпетуи, Фелицитаты и с ними пострадавших» нашла отражение полемика между христианами II–III вв. по вопросу о возможности и значимости новых откровений Святого Духа. По этой причине в историографии широко распространено мнение о том, что данный памятник, в котором большую роль играют описания открывшихся главным героям божественных видений, следует связывать с движением «нового пророчества» – так называемым «монтанизмом», приверженцы которого верили новым пророкам и почитали их более других представителей формирующейся церковной иерархии, ожидали скорого конца света и следовали более строгим этическим нормам. Однако, как показано в статье, видения героев мученичества Перпетуи и Сатура не похожи на экстатические прорицания спутниц малоазийского проповедника Монтана, а в содержании «Страстей» не проявляются какие-либо другие специфические признаки этого движения в христианстве рассматриваемого периода. Восхваление же мученичества, общий интерес к эсхатологии, высокое значение женщин в общине, глубокое внимание к видениям и откровениям представляется возможным рассматривать как общие черты, которые были свойственны многим христианским общинам Северной Африки на рубеже II–III вв.

The modern understanding of representative democracy includes not only the rule of the majority, but also the protection of the rights of minorities. One such minority is indigenous peoples, including the Sámi population that lives in four European countries, namely in the northern territories of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. In these countries, the Sámi, as a minority, find it difficult to achieve an adequate level of representation in traditional political structures that are responsible for articulating interests (parties, parliaments), therefore special mechanisms were found that allowed this indigenous people to participate in political decision-making processes more actively. The purpose of the article is to study the evolution and features of the political representation of the Sámi in Norway, Sweden, and Finland. The choice of countries is dictated by the cross-border nature of the Sámi settlement and the practice of diffusion of institutions of political representation. The methodology is based on neo-institutionalism and constructivism theories. It is concluded that after World War II, global transformations of the institutional environment took place in developed countries, and they were expressed in the rejection of the racial paradigm, the establishment of the supremacy of democracy and human rights. In the countries of Northern Europe at the end of the XX — beginning of the XXI centuries, the concept of “Arctic identity” was formed instead of identity through the construct of the “Nordic race”, which was characteristic of the first half of the XX century. At the center of it is the concept of indigeneity. From the beginning of the XX century, the Sámi that were subjected to forced assimilation in all three countries (discriminatory policies of “swedification”, “norwegianization” and “finnization”) and that were forced to fight for their rights with minimal chances of winning over the dominant discourse of racial inferiority, became beneficiaries of the changes, received special status, collective rights, and opportunities for political representation in modern conditions. However, several problems and discriminatory practices against the Sámi remain relevant and require solutions at the level of public policy.

The huge role of a non-linear language in the formation of a new non-linear worldview, which created a new non-linear-synergetic paradigm of modern science, is shown. First, the development of this language induced the development of nonlinear dynamics and its formation as a new science. Secondly, this language has enriched many sciences with such concepts as “deterministic chaos”, “strange attractor”, “dissipative structures”, “fractal”, “bifurcation”, which have now become general scientific. Thirdly, this language formed the basis of a new “non-linear” thinking. Fourth, the non-linear language, which is especially attractive to young scientists, has contributed to the influx of new talented scientists into non-linear dynamics. All of the above played a decisive role in the formation of a new general scientific non-linear paradigm, impossible and inconceivable without a new language. It is thanks to this language that modern scientists look at the world with a “nonlinear vision”, not imagining a linear reality, incomparably enriching their ideas about everything that exists and develops. So, eidetically varying the concept of “chaos”, outlined the range of systems that allow chaotic behavior, found out the methodological principles for the study of such systems, determined the characteristic features of chaotic development, and thus passed the “second stage” of the phenomenological analysis of deterministic chaos.

A general characteristic of planetary systems is proposed. The well-known heat sources of evolution are considered. A new type of heat source is proposed - variations of kinematic parameters in a dynamic system. The inconsistency of the Perovskitepostperovskite model of heat is substantiated. Calculations of moments of inertia relative to the boundary D on the Ground (above and below) are given. Their difference of 9 times allows us to assert that it is due to the slippage of the upper layers with variations in the speed of rotation of the Earth that heat is released through viscous friction. This heat is the basis of mantle convection and tetonics of lithospheric plates.

This present paper is concerned with the causal/instrumental uses of faciente + (pro)nominal head within an ablative absolute. We only examine the instances in which the participle does not govern a direct object and is not accompanied by further arguments and/or satellites, as in Jer. In psalm. 89 l. 28 qui per peccatum cecidit, diabolo faciente, rursum per Christum resurgat ad gloriam (“he who fell through sin under devil’s influence, shall soon be reborn to the Glory through Christ”). The analysis is restricted to the imperial and late period because the construction is not attested until Ovid (Met. 2, 540–541 lingua faciente loquaci / qui color albus erat, nunc est contrarius albo “through his tongue’s fault the talking bird, which was white, was now the opposite of white”, transl. Loeb). The discussion consists of four main sections. After a short survey of the main studies on the topic, we introduce the analysed corpora, the selection criteria of the data and the overall results. In section 5 we discuss some possible reasons behind the origin of the syntagm. Subsequently, the use and expansion of the syntagm in later centuries is analysed in the light of recent studies on the reanalysis of participles as prepositions. We show that faciente began a categorial shift into the class of causal/instrumental prepositions, but for reasons that shall be explained, this process remained unaccomplished. In the last section, we make a brief comparison with other absolute ablatives that include semantically related participles (operante, instigante, praestante), pointing out the main differences between them

According to Plutarch, Tiberius Gracchus announced during the election campaign of the 133 BCE, that he would pass a number of laws, and among them — the law granting the right of appeal to the people (provocatio) ἀπὸ τῶν δικαστῶν. Ti. Gracchus has died before he passed the alleged law. Besides Plutarch, his last reform programme is attested only by Cassius Dio, who mentions no law on appeal. The whole programme is very similar to the laws of Gaius Gracchus, and there is suspicion, that it consists of the laws of Gaius which were ascribed to Tiberius to depict him as a power-seeking demagogue. What could be the aims of the law on appeal and what it meant exactly? Firstly, both Gracchi could consider an appeal against the senatorial extraordinary commissions which would protect the Gracchans against political persecution. This measure seems to be more appropriate after the advocates of Tiberius Gracchus were prosecuted in senatorial courts. But Gaius Gracchus, instead of it, prohibited appointing the extraordinary courts iniussu populi. Secondly, if the aim was to gain the electors, Tiberius could promise them appeal against murder courts, though it would be pernicious for the public order. Finally, in all other cases the bill on appeal would be of no use for the Gracchans, but would make them a good target of criticism. Such a measure could well be invented by an anti-Gracchan source

New Testament scholars have long argued that in Acts 17:16–34 Luke depicts Paul in such a way as to evoke Socrates’ modus philosophandi and to echo his trial and apology. While this argument can be based on sufficiently clear philological indications, there are other, comparatively vague and more general Socratic reminiscences in Luke-Acts, e. g. in the Gethsemane episode which shows that for the Lukan Jesus death is not a terrifying prospect. This study reads Luke’s portrayal of the apostle Peter through the lens of the exemplum Socratis as presented by Greek and Roman intellectuals in the first and early second centuries CE, including Dio Chrysostom, Epictetus, Plutarch, and Seneca. The author argues that the humble origins of Peter, his non-academic profession, his poverty, his lack of formal education, and his unbreakable commitment to obey God and to spread the Christian message in spite of the threat of judges are reminiscent of major elements of the reception of Socrates in the period that Luke-Acts was probably composed (c. 80–100 CE). Highlighting the subtle Socratic components in Luke’s depiction of Peter not only helps to shed new light on Peter’s alleged lack of education (Acts 4:13). It also helps to understand, firstly, how the literary depiction of early Christian teaching figures is shaped by roughly contemporaneous philosophical discourses, and secondly, that Peter’s literary image, although it presents a totally different type of teaching figure than Paul, serves in its own way to exemplify the compatibility of the Christian religion with particular strands of ancient philosophy.

This paper offers an analysis of similar and parallel developing projects of creating a true philosophy by the disciples and followers of Origen and Plotinus. Two texts permeated by the eulogy of the scholarch are analysed: Gregory the Wonderworker’s The Address of Thanksgiving to Origen and the Life of Plotinus by Porphyry. Gregory was a student of Origen, while Porphyry attended his school long enough to become familiar with the doctrine, teaching methods and personality of the scholarch. The author establishes the structural, thematic and lexical similarity of both texts. The text by Gregory the Wonderworker, chronologically earlier, was a pushing away point for Porphyry in creating an image of the ideal scholarch in the person of Plotinus. This is confirmed by the structural and lexical contrast in the portrayal of Plotinus in Vita Plotini and Origen in the passage preserved by Proclus (Procl. In Tim. I.63. 29–33). In particular, the negative image of Origen in Vita Plotini 13. 10–17 is echoed by the figure of Thaumasius, dissatisfied with the protracted dispute between Plotinus and Porphyry, which rarely draws the scholars’ attention. Nowhere else mentioned, Thaumasius appears as a marginal figure: either he himself was interested in general statements and wanted to hear Plotinus speaking in the manner of a set treatise (trans. Armstrong), or he wanted Plotinus to “faire une conférence suivie et propre à être écrite” (trans. Bréhier). The author hypothesises that it is not a proper name but a nickname. The author suggests that Thaumasius is not an accidental participant in a specific episode of the Neoplatonists’ school life but the philosophical rival of the Neoplatonists, theologian Origen, ironically presented in an unattractive manner. Thus, the deliberately constructed episode with Plotinus and Thaumasius is a polemical jab at Origen’s followers, who put forward a programme of philosophical renovation alternative to the Platonic, and the very depiction of Plotinus as a ‘divine man’ (θεῖος ἀνήρ) responds to the image of Origen painted by his followers. The supposed allusions in Vita Plotini 13. 5–17 testify to the openness of the Roman Neoplatonic school to the already-formed Christian version of philosophy. For this reason, Porphyry chose to portray a situation in which Plotinus showed attention and patience in interpreting difficult philosophical questions for three days. In contrast, Origen, in a similar situation, showed impatience and irritability

In chapter 41 of Petronius’ Satyricon, a boar is served in a hat (pilleatus) during Trimalchio’s feast, which puzzles the protagonist Encolpius. The interpretation of the passage considered in the article (Petron. Sat. 41. 3) involves a number of difficulties, which all commentators note. Firstly, the reader needs to decide whether the case of summa cena is accusative or nominative. The second difficulty has to do with the meaning of the adjective summus. The third question concerns the meaning of the verb vindicasset. And the last and most crucial question deals with the fact that both cena and aper can function as the subject of the verb vindicasset. The author of the article looks into the opinions of various scholars and offers several arguments for the manuscript reading, which enables us to restore the final -m in summa. The author examines examples with the verb vindico which means “to claim a legal right to” and draws attention to the fact that in such cases the subject is more often an animate noun. In order to understand which word cena or aper is a more suitable candidate for the function of the subject in the passage under consideration, the author analyses the use of these words as subjects in other texts. The examples of the personification of cena are found mainly in poetry, whereas the word aper is discovered in one example which contains a verb usually used with animate subjects (intrare). The latter can be regarded as an additional argument for animateness of aper and its functioning as the subject of the sentence cum heri… vindicasset

The complicated geopolitical situation has become a factor in domestic tourism development in the Russian Federation. A significant number of objects of tourist interest have generated increased competition between Russian regions to attract tourists. A necessary condition for increasing tourist flow is the development of tourist infrastructure, including transport. The authors used various types of transport in the vast majority formation of tourist products, as well as in independent tourism. The purpose of this study is to analyse the relationships between tourist flow dynamics and the transportation system development indexes of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. Comparative, correlation and regression analyses showed a strong positive correlation between tourist flow and passenger transport by buses and suburban railway transport (especially in St. Petersburg). The study confirmed the problem of data reliability and availability for analysing tourist flow within the St. Petersburg agglomeration, although the palace suburbs, which are popular with tourists, are located within agglomeration boundaries. To solve the problem of tracking tourist flows when using transport in the agglomeration, the authors propose the development and implementation of a transport tourist map with advanced functionality. This digital tool application will allow not only the reliable tracking of tourist flows but also the optimization of the transport system of the St. Petersburg agglomeration. In addition, the analysis of tourist flow dynamics should be used to increase the positive effects of tourism development and reduce the negative effects of overtourism in achieving the sustainable development goals of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region.