Научный архив: статьи

The present article aims to elucidate an interesting narrative that forms a portion of Aelian’s paradoxographic work Περὶ ζῴων ἰδιότητος (On the Characteristics of Animals, Lat. De natura animalium). The passage under discussion describes some horned animals of oriental origin that were involved in the annual fighting contests during a one-day competition held on the initiative of a “great king of India” — probably Chandragupta (4th–3rd c. BC), the founder of the Maurya dynasty. Aelian’s chapter (NA 15, 15) was perhaps taken from Megasthenes’s Ἰνδικά (Description of India). The passage includes two hapax legomena referring to two species of animals: †μέσοι† and †ὕαιναι†. The first of these should be identified with the Ladakh urial (Ovis orientalis vignei Blyth); cf. Prasun məṣé ‘ram, urial’ (< Vedic mēṣá- m. ‘ram’). Aelian’s exact description of the horned animals called †ὕαιναι† clearly demonstrates that the alleged “striped hyena” (Gk. ὕαινα) must represent the chinkara, i. e., the Indian gazelle (Gazella bennettii Sykes). The Indo-Aryan term for ‘chinkara’ (Ved. hariṇá- m ‘Indian gazelle’, hariṇī́- f. ‘female gazelle’; cf. Pa. and Pk. hariṇa- m., hariṇī- f.) suggests that the corrupted form in Aelian’s passage should be emended as ὑάριναι [hyárinai]. This seems a near-optimal adaptation of the Pali or Prakrit appellative háriṇā pl. ‘chinkaras’

The piece deals with the interpretation of Prop. 2. 8. 21–24. These verses seem to be problematic and illogical over the years. In the poem, the speaker, deserted by his beloved Cynthia, imagines himself dead and then describes the heroine’s reaction to this disastrous event. Propertius thinks that she will be happy about his death and defile his grave. Then he suddenly turns to Haemon, who commits suicide in despair of the Antigone’s death, and after that threatens Cynthia to kill her. Firstly, it is incorrect to compare the righteous Antigone with the unfaithful Cynthia. Secondly, the decision to kill the beloved is inept. Some scholars transpose the verses in order to avoid the incoherence. Others try to interpret the passage, leaving the lines in their initial order, but they usually think that Propertius compares himself with Haemon and Cynthia with Antigone. The author of the article reconsiders gender roles in this comparison and suggests a new interpretation. There are also some examples from the Catullan and Propertian poetry, which show that the gender-inverted comparisons are widely used in ancient literature and especially in Roman love poetry of the 1st century B. C., in which they, probably, are part of a new literary strategy.

A citharodic performance typically included a προοίμιον that preceded a νόμος. Theoretically, there are three possible options: a prooimion (1) was an inseparable introduction to a specific main part; (2) was not performed independently, but could precede various main parts; (3) was an independent piece. Most evidence points to option 2. Standard circumstances of performance must have stereotyped the subject matter that appeared in the introduction, so the proem became an autonomous song that could precede any narrative part, and even be performed independently (if there were no agonistic connotations and transitional formulas). Pseudo-Plutarch’s notions of ancient citharody (De mus. 1132В–С; 1132D; 1133B–C) are interpreted as follows: a proem addressed to the gods was a citharode’s own composition (hence ὡς βούλονται, despite its formal character and epic metre). It was immediately followed by a nome, whose epic narration could be either original or taken from Homer and other poets and set to music according to one of melodic patterns systemized by Terpander. Terpander’s proems likely offered two proofs of this theory: they ended with a formula of transition to another song, which itself did not follow. Apparently, the option to use someone else’s poetry in the main body led to the practice of writing down the proems without the subsequent nomes, so that they were seen as independent works. It is likely that Pseudo-Plutarch’s source was referring to minor Homeric hymns, since they correspond perfectly with the information that we have about citharodic proems

The Methodist school was a significant force in the field of medicine in ancient times. One of the core beliefs of this school was that theoretical explanations of diseases and the knowledge of the anatomical structure of the body are speculative and worthless for medical practice. The regular deviation from these principles has been noted by historians of medicine (Van der Eijk, Lloyd, Hanson et al.). However, the reasons why they violate these principles and the circumstances in which they do so are still unclear. This article attempts to explain the motivation of Methodists, specifically Caelius Aurelianus, for using anatomical knowledge and identifying hidden causes of diseases. I will focus on Aurelianus’ mention of meninx and its connection to mental diseases, which clearly conflicts with the fundamental principles of Methodism. The article will examine the views of Methodists themselves on meninx as well as the theories of physicians such as Erasistratus and Asclepiades, whose ideas, as will be shown, influenced the formation of the Methodist doctrine. As the theoretical foundations of methodism were still being laid, the views on the anatomy and physiology of internal organs were already being applied in practice. Although many of these inherited notions have been eliminated, some have become firmly entrenched in medical practice, which often explains the inconsistency of the Methodists.

The purpose of this study is to consider the phenomenon of ‘capital flight’ as a threat to the economic security of the country. This goal is achieved using general scientific methods, including analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction, systematisation, and comparison. The study highlights the differences between the concepts of ‘capital outflow’ and ‘capital flight’, assesses the scale of capital flight and outflow, analyses the causes of these phenomena, and explicates the goals of capital flight. One of the causes of capital flight, namely tax evasion, is specified. The findings underscore the main directions of the impact of capital flight on the economic security of the country, and key measures to combat capital flight are proposed.

This work focuses on calligrapher Takayasu Rōoku (years of life are unknown), who lived and worked in Osaka in the second half of the 18 th century. The life and work of Takayasu Rōoku deserve attention because it was him who complied one of the most popular encyclopedias of his time, Tokai Setsuyō Hyakkatsū (Complete Compendium of Urban Knowledge, Osaka, 1801), which went through several editions during the 19 th century and affected the worldview of city dwellers of that time. Based on the evidence from contemporaries and the analysis of books on which Rōoku worked, this work describes his social circle, interests, lifestyle, and his main areas of work

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia, which has a number of advantages related to its geographical location, abundance of natural resources, openness to foreign capital, and dynamic development due to the market reforms carried out in the 1990s. This determines the interest in the country from China and Japan and the inclusion of Mongolia among the platforms of global competition between these largest Asian economies. Development of Japan-Mongolia and China-Mongolia political and economic relations in the second half of the 20 th century and Mongolia’s economic progress in recent decades have coincided with increasing competition between Japan and China in the world stage. At present, both countries are important trading partners for Mongolia and sources of capital needed to build its infrastructure and integrate it into global supply and production chains. The study of Sino-Japanese interaction in Mongolia may help us understand how Japan and China compete with each other in the world stage and to specify their areas of specialization and rivalry. The objective of this research is to show, taking infrastructure projects as an example, how the global competition between Japan and China unfolds in Mongolia. In order to evaluate the current state of economic relations between Mongolia and each of the countries, in the first part, the author traces the history of Japan-Mongolia and China-Mongolia relations from the establishment of diplomatic relations to the present time, focusing on infrastructure projects.The second part analyzes the interaction between Japan and China in Mongolia in the context of their growing economic competition. The study sheds light on particular areas of rivalry, while demonstrating that Japanese and Chinese projects not only compete but also complement each other.

The article is devoted to identi¿cation of similarities and diɣerences in the historical memory of Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany after World War II. These issues are a relevant topic for research in the face of the enduring inÀuence of historical grievances on Japan’s relations with its former victims, in contrast to similar relations of Germany. As a theoretical framework, the paper uses O. Malinova’s approach, which interprets historical memory as a product of social construction and a variation of symbolic politics. In addition, the author uses the classi¿cation of historical memory proposed by Matteo Dian. In the scope of the study, the author examines the impact of occupation policies on the further development of historical memory in the two countries. The paper compares the original content of the main narratives of historical memory in each country, the main mnemonic actors promoting them, and the evolution of these narratives from the end of the war to the present day. The author also highlights the reasons for the diɣerences in the content and evolution of the narratives in Japan and the FRG. The author concludes that, despite a certain similarity of the occupation policy in the two countries, as well as the formation of two traditions (conservative and left-progressive) in each country’s historical memory, its content and evolution are substantially diɣerent. In the FRG, the conservative tradition initially included the narratives of self-victimhood and amnesia, while the progressive tradition included the narrative of contrition; over the years however, the traditions have evolved from polarization to a consensus around contrition and elements of self-victimhood. In Japan, the conservative tradition initially included glori¿cation of the past in addition to self-victimhood, i. e., it was more revisionist, while the progressive tradition focused on self-victimhood rather than contrition. Over time, the traditions in Japan shifted from a consensus around self-victimhood to a sharp polarization: progressives moved to a contrition narrative, while revisionists gained ground among conservatives

In deze bijdrage geef ik allereerst een uitgebreide schets van de censuur in de DDR. Ik ga uit van een interview uit 2019 met de Duitse schrijver en uitgever Gerhard Wolf. Hij probeert een verklaring te vinden voor de acceptatie in de DDR van de censuur die de nieuwe staat in zijn jeugd invoerde. Daarbij maak ik gebruik van een algemene definitie van censuur die is opgesteld door Christine Haug, ga vervolgens in op de beginjaren van die censuur en maak vervolgens het essentiële verschil duidelijk tussen censuur in de DDR en die in andere communistische landen in Oost-Europa. De censuur in de DDR werd mede gedragen door auteurs die waren teruggekeerd uit ballingschap, zoals Arnold Zweig. Ook citeer ik de waarschuwing van Bertolt Brecht in zijn toneelstuk Der aufhaltsame Aufstieg des Arturo Ui (1941) tegen het broeiende en nog levendige nationaalsocialistische gedachtegoed. Vervolgens beschrijf ik de HV, de afdeling op het ministerie van Cultuur die zich daar vanaf 1963 met censuur bezighield. Ze was niet alleen verantwoordelijk voor de bibliotheken en de gehele literaire productie van de DDR, zoals de verkoop, de import en export, inclusief de import van literatuur uit de Sovjet-Unie maar ook voor de uitwisseling van literatuur tussen de DDR en de BRD. Daarna ga ik in op de inhoud van de leesrapporten: de structuur, de specifieke vragen en de auteurs. Ten slotte beschrijf ik de roman Wolfsgetij van de Nederlandse auteur Theun de Vries en laat zien dat er bij deze uitgave sprake is van twee vormen van censuur

The notion that a language worldview is shaped by a system of key concepts as well as ideas and motifs linking them, which are expressed in the meaning of individual lexemes and phrases, has informed a number of studies of culturally specific words and even entire semantic fields. Comparison of different language worldviews has revealed many differences, which at first sight seem insignificant but may hinder successful communication. The concept of hygge occupies a special place in the Danish language worldview and has become somewhat of a Danish hallmark. Our study uses corpus data to analyse six co-occurrence patterns of words representing the concept hygge, which allows us to explicate the implicit meaning components of the lexemes in question and to identify the most frequent patterns. The material used was the Danish Gigaword Corpus (DAGW), which includes texts collected from the Internet. The corpus covers the Danish language in all its diversity: a variety of genres and types of texts are represented in the corpus (law, social media, subtitles, debates, conversation notes, encyclopaedia articles, fiction, news, etc.). The high frequency of the words representing the concept hygge in the corpus texts once again confirms the importance of this concept for Danish culture. The combinational properties of all the models studied show a striking uniformity: all collocations are characterized by positive connotations and can be categorized into a small set of thematic groups (place, time, atmosphere, hobbies, spending time together and communicating). The above co-occurrence analysis allows us to identify the following set of characteristics of the concept hygge: a feeling of peace, tranquillity and security, enjoyment and good mood that comes from being engaged in active pursuits, presence of close, familiar people, a familiar, wellknown place, a shared time together

Накапливаются новые знания об этиопатогенезе, особенностях клинической картины COVID-19 в разные возрастные периоды, обогащаются тактические подходы к профилактике и терапии с позиций доказательной медицины. Статья содержит обзор литературы по особенностям путей передачи, клиники, диагностики, лечению, профилактике и исходам COVID-19 у новорожденных. Освещены противоречивые отечественные и зарубежные исследования, подтверждающие отсутствие риска или возможность вертикальной передачи SARS-CoV-2 от больных матерей, единичные риски грудного вскармливания при наличии заболевания у матери. Риск перинатального инфицирования составлял от 3,2% (2021 г.) до 23,4% (2020 г.). Отмечена неспецифичность клинических проявлений COVID-19 с преобладанием бессимптомных и легких форм болезни (от 20 до 76% случаев), особенно у недоношенных детей, чаще отмечаются интоксикационный синдром, диспепсические и респираторные нарушения. В тяжелых случаях (от 6 до 12% новорожденных) описано развитие критической формы COVID-19 с прогрессирующим мультисистемным воспалительным синдромом. Представлены многочисленные исследования, подтверждающие эффективность и безопасность комбинированного применения различных форм рекомбинантного интерферона α-2b в комплексе с антиоксидантами (витамины Е и С) в лечении и профилактике COVID-19 у новорожденных и недоношенных детей, в результате чего было отмечено сокращение времени вирусовыделения SARS-CoV-2, снижение летальности, а у контактных младенцев — риска инфицирования.

Городская среда – предмет сложный и многогранный. В нашей подборке статей собраны разнообразные подходы и трактовки понятия среды, взгляды на ее необходимые качества, процессы ее развития и трансформаций. В материалах пересекаются исторические подходы, опирающиеся на средневековые традиции отношения к воде в странах арабского «засушливого пояса», и влияние новейших технологий медиаарта, вопросы безопасности дворовых пространств в Бахрейне и Казахстане, средообразующие мемориалы Астаны и маргинальные среды российского Дальнего Востока…