Научный архив: статьи

The last few years have witnessed a rapid penetration of artificial intelligence (AI) into different walks of life including medicine, judicial system, public governance and other important activities. Despite multiple benefits of these technologies, their widespread dissemination raises serious concerns as to whether they are trustworthy. The article provides an analysis of the key factors behind public mistrust in AI while discussing ways to build confidence. To understand the reasons of mistrust, the author invokes the historical context, social study findings as well as judicial practices. A special focus is made on the security of AI use, AI visibility to users and on decision-making responsibility. The author also discusses the current regulatory models in this area including the development of universally applicable legal framework, regulatory sandboxes and self-regulation mechanisms for the sector, with multidisciplinary collaboration and adaptation of the effective legal system to become a key factor of this process. Only this approach will producer a balanced development and use of AI systems in the interest of all stakeholders, from their vendors to end users. For a more exhaustive coverage of this subject, the following general methods are proposed: analysis, synthesis and systematization; special legal (comparative legal and historic legal) research methods. In analyzing the available data, the author argues for a comprehensive approach to make AI trustworthy. The following hypothesis is proposed based on the study’s findings. Trust in AI is a cornerstone of efficient regulation of AI development and use in various areas. The author is convinced that, with AI made transparent, safe and reliable one, provided with human oversight through adequate regulation, the government will maintain purposeful collaboration between man and technologies thus setting the stage for AI use in critical infrastructures affecting life, health and basic rights and interests of individuals.

The article has basis of the importance and relevance of the problem of developing the student’s social initiative, taking into account the development priorities of Russian society. The students are characterized by the highest activity, and the educational organization has sufficient potential for the development of social initiative through a variety of activities (innovative, research, social, sports, volunteer, creative, etc.). The semantic and content characteristics of a person’s social activity based on initiative, responsibility, diligence are considered. The results of a survey of 2130 respondents, conducted in a number of medical universities in our country, showed the attitude of medical students to social activity as a productive activity that transforms the person and the environment. The survey helped to identify the types of social practices and extracurricular activities demanded by medical students: event volunteering, sports, tourism, research activities, etc. The article reveals social projects and programs on physical culture and sports, volunteering in the sports-related community, which are in demand by modern student youth and, by developing the initiative of the individual, allow self-realization in professional, personal and social life.

Influenced by the advanced technologies, in recent years, Chinese criminal justice system has begun integrating artificial intelligence (AI) to assist judicial decisionmaking. AI has entered into various areas such as criminal investigations, prosecution assistance, and sentencing support. However, Chinese legal system has not comprehensively addressed the regulation of judicial AI technology yet. This paper aims to explore the application of AI in Chinese criminal justice system and propose a systematic regulatory framework for its future development. Part I provides an overview of the specific application scenarios of AI in Chinese criminal justice system. Part II analyzes the general characteristics of judicial AI and the benefits it brings to the justice system. Part III examines the challenges limiting the further development of judicial AI and the potential risks associated with its application. Part IV proposes an inclusive regulatory framework to balance the intension and potential conflicts between judicial fairness and technological advancement. This research seeks to enhance the understanding of AI application in Chinese criminal justice system and to identify and prevent potential judicial risks arising from AI application.

The author examines the infl uence of physical culture on the formation of a professionals personality. The importance of personal physical education and mass sports in personality development.

The article discusses a mathematical model and a finite-difference scheme for the heating process of an infinite plate. The disadvantages of using the classical parabolic heat equation for this case and the rationale for using the hyperbolic heat equation are given. The relationship between the hyperbolic thermal conductivity equation and the theory of equations with the retarded argument (delay equation) is shown. The considered mixed equation has 2 parts: parabolic and hyperbolic. Difference schemes use an integro-interpolation method to reduce errors. The problem with a nonlinear thermal conductivity coefficient was chosen as the initial boundaryvalue problem. The heat source in the parabolic part of the equation is equal to 0, and in the hyperbolic part of the equation sharp heating begins. The initial boundary-value problem with boundary conditions of the third kind in an infinite plate with nonlinear coefficients is formulated and numerically solved. An iterative method for solving the problem is described. A visual graph of the solution results is presented. A theoretical justification for the difference scheme is given. Also we consider the case of the nonlinear mixed equation of the fourth order.

As the standardization of 5G New Radio (NR) systems operating in micro- and millimeter-wave frequency bands is over, scientific and industrial communities have begun to address the question of what 6G communications systems might or should be. While technological specifics are still in their early development phase, there is a common agreement that these systems will utilize the lower part of the terahertz band, namely, 100–300 GHz. This band poses a number of specific challenges for system designers, including the effects related to channel characteristics and the conceptually new requirements for electronics. This paper aims to report the current state-of-the-art channel characterization and communications system design. With respect to the former, we consider dynamic human body blockages and micromobility impairments. For the latter, we mainly concentrate on the physical layer devices for direct conversion schemes and the design of the so-called reconfigurable intelligent surfaces that will potentially serve as a cost-efficient blockage mitigation technique.

Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) technology facilitates the establishment of a compact network by utilizing repeater nodes rather than fully equipped base stations, which subsequently minimizes the expenses associated with the transition towards next-generation networks. The majority of studies focusing on IAB networks rely on simulation tools and the creation of discrete-time models. This paper introduces a mathematical model for the boundary node in an IAB network functioning in half-duplex mode. The proposed model is structured as a polling service system with a dual-queue setup, represented as a random process in continuous time, and is examined through the lens of queueing theory, integral transforms, and generating functions (GF). As a result, analytical expressions were obtained for the GF, marginal distribution, as well as the mean and variance of the number of requests in the queues, which correspond to packets pending transmission by the relay node via access and backhaul channels.

This paper examines the sharing economy as an advanced model of interaction between economic agents that helps them mitigate resource constraints and rapidly meet producers’ and consumers’ needs in the face of new challenges. We found the benefits of collaborative consumption, or sharing, to be largely determined by the level of trust in society, development of technological base and adaptation of legal framework to digital transformation of the national economy. Based on the evidence from Russia and Brazil, we classify the factors that determine the sharing economy development and identify effective instruments of regulating sharing relations. The results indicate that regulatory “sandboxes” appear to be most appropriate as they allow participants to test innovations of substantial public importance that lie outside the scope of existing legislative norms.

The paper investigates the relationship between corporate governance and organizational performance in Nigeria’s banking sector between 1996 and 2023, using the Tobin-Q valuation and operating performance methodology (quantitative characteristics) of variables in analyzing data collected from secondary sources.

The internal mechanisms of corporate governance such as Returns on Assets (ROA), shareholder profit and Debt-Equity ratio had a negative impact on organizational performance. The study into forecast and long-term co-integration relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and organizational performance has shown that the enhancement of organizational performance by corporate governance mechanisms is likely to experience a steady increase after 2023.

Developing the models of artificial societies with simulation of agents’ joint socio-economic activity a challenging task is to endow the agents with properties allowing them to mutually take into account each other’s intentions and activities. The presence of such properties in agents creates conditions for the emergence of social organization in the modeled system, including processes of coordination and governance. In the proposed study, agents obtain the required properties due to their natural ability to create and use shared (collective) mental models under various modes of communication between them. On this basis, the concept of an agent with a universal coordination instrument (UCI) is substantiated. Agents optimize UCI settings to take full account of each other’s activities and maximize the benefits of joint activities. UCI with settings is a common information environment for participants in joint activities, as well as a means of determining the optimal content of their joint activities. The main components and functions of UCI as a special type of agent-based simulation model are discussed. The necessary conditions for using the UCI are considered. From the results obtained it follows that individuals with UCI have both substantive and procedural rationality, which leads to the emergence of two types of equilibrium in the socio-economic system.

Сходство между Эдипом Софокла и Лиром Шекспира впервые было замечено несколько десятилетий назад. Литературоведы обратили внимание на эпизоды, в которых оба царя отталкивают тех, кто говорит правду (например, Тиресия и Кента), убиты два сына Эдипа и две дочери Лира, Эдип оплакивает свою жену и мать, мертвую Иокасту, а Лир — свою дочь, мертвую Корделию, Креон входит с трупом Антигоны, а Лир — с трупом Корделии, слепого Эдипа ведет Антигона, а слепого Глостера — Эдгар и т. д. Несколько лет назад (2019) был опубликован целый сборник статей, посвященных параллелям между «Эдипом в Колоне» и «Королем Лиром». И хотя в этом сборнике сходство между двумя пьесами анализируется с разных точек зрения, однако не уделяется особого внимания метафорическому смыслу слепоты ума и глаз, аспекту, на который автор данной статьи впервые обратил внимание в 2015 г. и более подробно рассматривает в этой статье. «Лучше быть слепым глазами, чем слепым умом»: это изречение армянского историографа V в. Егише, встречающееся и в других древних источниках, как нельзя лучше подходит к драматичной истории Эдипа, который, в свою очередь, имеет хорошо известные аналоги в шекспировском «Короле Лире» — Лира и Глостера. В статье рассматривается интересная параллель между этими тремя персонажами, а именно мучительный, трагический путь обретения ими мудрости через слепоту (в случае Эдипа это пророческая мудрость).

The Problema voluminis section opens with the theme “Church – Power – Individual”, offering a new perspective on the classic historiographical issue of the relationship between “priesthood” and “tsardom.” The authors of the articles in this section focus on both the institutional agency of the clergy and the internal intentions, experiences, and life stories of individual figures. At each new stage of the country’s development, the clergy defined the parameters of their mission and actively participated in the transformation of social life through both word and deed.