Научный архив: статьи

На рубеже 19-го и 20-го веков научное сообщество пребывало в радужном настроении - и не без оснований: казалось, еще несколько штрихов, и картина мира будет выстроена. К концу XIX века классическая наука могла по праву гордиться своими достижениями. Со времен Ньютона мир, который древние делили на подлунную и надлунную сферы, стал единым, единообразно познаваемым (и, как полагали представители естественнонаучных и философских кругов, во многом познаваемым), в нем действовали законы. Подведение итогов превратилось в гордую демонстрацию блестящих достижений классического естествознания и точных наук и стало удобным поводом для определения перспектив. Так, на II Международном конгрессе математиков в августе 1900 года в Париже Давид Гильберт в своем докладе сформулировал 23 задачи, которые, по его мнению, математика 19 века завещала решать математике 20 века. Как показали последующие события, Гильберт не ошибся в определении “точек роста” математики: решение каждой из 23 задач Гильберта стало заметным шагом в развитии математической науки и явилось заметным продвижением вперед. Патриарх физики девятнадцатого века Уильям Томсон (с 1802 года лорд Кельвин) был не менее проницателен. В своих “Балтиморских лекциях” он проницательно указал на две “темные тучи” на сияющем небосклоне классической физики. Из одного “темного облака” вскоре выросла специальная теория относительности Эйнштейна, из другого - квантовая механика.

The huge role of a non-linear language in the formation of a new non-linear worldview, which created a new non-linear-synergetic paradigm of modern science, is shown. First, the development of this language induced the development of nonlinear dynamics and its formation as a new science. Secondly, this language has enriched many sciences with such concepts as “deterministic chaos”, “strange attractor”, “dissipative structures”, “fractal”, “bifurcation”, which have now become general scientific. Thirdly, this language formed the basis of a new “non-linear” thinking. Fourth, the non-linear language, which is especially attractive to young scientists, has contributed to the influx of new talented scientists into non-linear dynamics. All of the above played a decisive role in the formation of a new general scientific non-linear paradigm, impossible and inconceivable without a new language. It is thanks to this language that modern scientists look at the world with a “nonlinear vision”, not imagining a linear reality, incomparably enriching their ideas about everything that exists and develops. So, eidetically varying the concept of “chaos”, outlined the range of systems that allow chaotic behavior, found out the methodological principles for the study of such systems, determined the characteristic features of chaotic development, and thus passed the “second stage” of the phenomenological analysis of deterministic chaos.

The modern theory of development includes such concepts as entropy, dissipative and conservative structures, equilibrium systems, etc. But what is behind these concepts?

Are they not quite correct, which leads to a misunderstanding of the development process? How, on their basis, can a more general process diagram be constructed that would give a complete description of social dynamics?

The work is devoted to the problem of biosphere evolution. Questions of the origin of the biosphere, its organization, factors and patterns of evolution are considered. Particular attention is paid to the influence of man on the atmosphere.

Having non-linear equations share properties is useful, but when it comes to measurements and calculations, every non-linear system is a thing in itself. Comprehension of one of them gave absolutely nothing for penetration into the other. The Lorenz attractor revealed the stability and hidden structure of a system that, otherwise, seemed completely unstructured. But how could this double helix help specialists study objects that have nothing to do with it? No one knew.

The discoverers of new forms compromised the rigor of the scientific style. Ruelle wrote: “I have not mentioned the aesthetic impact of strange attractors. These tangles of curves and swarms of dots sometimes conjure up magnificent fireworks or mysterious galaxies, sometimes they resemble a bizarre riot of plants. Before us is a vast realm of undiscovered forms and unknown perfection.

In the light of the latest research on the role of tidal friction and excess infrared emission of the giant planets of the solar system the role of viscous friction at different moments of inertia for a layered planets for example Earth

Discusses self-oscillations and related processes in nature and society. They are associated with forced and self-organizing gradual change system settings, as well as with the combined effect of multiple oscillatory elements. Examples of such processes are shown.

The drainage basin, river, and delta zone together constitute a complex open dipole system. In it, the watershed subsystem plays the role of an accumulator of high potential energy of water, the channel zones are cumulative transit zones of the potential energy of water, and the estuarine zones are dissipators of this energy, minimizing its level to the maximum. It is convenient to represent such a system as a “drainage” model, which allows us to consider all types of floods in its various sections and at the same time give a comparative assessment of the potential of river systems as dipole formations from tectonic positions.

The concept of climate is considered from the standpoint of the theory of complex systems. A hierarchy of subordination is proposed to consider a system including the Earth’s climate as its subsystem, the Earth as a system directly affecting it, the Solar System as a suprasystem and the Galaxy as a supersystem. The interrelation of all rhythms in this hierarchy is discussed and the leading parameters and rhythms are highlighted, which confirms the usefulness of this approach.

In recent years, a new promising general scientific direction has emerged to study the processes of self-organization in complex open systems of Nature and Society. Under open systems it is customary to understand systems capable of exchanging matter, energy and information with the environment. Openness in combination with the accumulative and internal resonance of the system leads to the activation of internal processes of self-organization and the complication of the structure, which is the essence of its evolution.

A general characteristic of planetary systems is proposed. The well-known heat sources of evolution are considered. A new type of heat source is proposed - variations of kinematic parameters in a dynamic system. The inconsistency of the Perovskitepostperovskite model of heat is substantiated. Calculations of moments of inertia relative to the boundary D on the Ground (above and below) are given. Their difference of 9 times allows us to assert that it is due to the slippage of the upper layers with variations in the speed of rotation of the Earth that heat is released through viscous friction. This heat is the basis of mantle convection and tetonics of lithospheric plates.

The work is devoted to the analysis of ways of development of the theory of self-organization for the world of complex systems. This is due to the fact that the modern world understanding is based on the concepts of complex world and correspondingly on interactions of complex systems, such as nonlinearity, imbalance and chaotic state in the process of evolution. The paper summarizes not only all types of self-organization known to date, but also the degree of participation of authors in the topic. In addition, a new type of cumulative self-organization is considered separately.