Статьи

Regularities of a production system development are discussed on the basis of the notion that progress in human economic activity is related to advances in the technological use of human effort and energy sources, which are regarded as the most important societal production resources. The concept of substitutive work of equipment P is introduced, which in all respects is equivalent to the efforts of people in production; it can be considered a service of capital, and is regarded as a value-forming factor, along with the traditional production factors. System output (value production) is defined as a function of three variables, two of which are: labour L and substitutive work P, are regarded as active sources of value, which allows us to introduce an energy measure of value, while physical capital K, as a production factor, plays a passive role. Under the assumption that the production system seeks to use all available social resources defined by circumstances external to the system, equations for production factors are formulated; they are also accompanied by equations for the technological characteristics of production equipment. The trajectory of the system development is determined by the characteristics of the system itself and the availability of social resources, which cannot be used completely simultaneously, which leads to a change of modes of development and fluctuations in output, i.e. business cycles. Using the example of the U.S. economy, it is demonstrated that the system of equations is able to describe the observed trajectory of development and output of the production system.

Abstract. The necessity and possibility to construct a holistic world picture in the conditions of on-going differentiation and specialization of modern science significantly inferior to the concomitant integration process is shown. The construction of a unified world picture is done with the help of the system-structural methodology, the main method of which is the levels of structural organization of matter providing a sequential transition as a chain from one level to another from elementary particles to the maximum space objects, including biological and social systems and back providing a law-governed sequence of transitions through the levels of structural matter organization. All this is useful for any scientific research at the initial and final stage, as well as, in an educational system.

To simulate processes of various physical and chemical nature (which is important for solving various practical problems associated with systems characterized by the occurrence of physical and chemical processes in them), the authors previously developed in the framework of modern non-equilibrium thermodynamics potential The stream method of mathematical modeling of these processes is a unified approach to the description and modeling of processes of various physical and chemical nature. The authors also considered obtaining a mathematical model of a physical and chemical system from the equations of the potential-flow method that describes the processes in this system (this model is a relationship between the output characteristics of the physical and chemical system under consideration that have practical meaning). This approach is Monte Carlo methods, according to which the factors of the flow of physical and chemical processes are randomly set, the corresponding dynamics of these processes are determined from the equations of the potential-flow method, and then the model of the system under consideration is approximated on these dynamics. Hence, to reduce the amount of computation, it is necessary to simplify this system of equations piecewise. This paper is devoted to the simplification of potential-flow equations.

The paper considers the process when a self-organized system is reaching its evolutionary maturity. The results obtained can be applied to explain orbital characteristics for five planets of the solar system. The system does not possess specifics of natural objects and is regarded as part of a structure that has borders. In its turn, the structure is understood as a network consisting of nodes (the allowed states) and connections between them. The system is formed as a deployment of a proto-structure, being a two-component cyclically organized system of relations, which is interpreted as the primary structure intended for a step-by-step study of evolution. Evolution is understood as a history-based stage-by-stage deployment. The proto-structure defines the range of the allowed states for n, the order parameter of the system, which subordinates two relative characteristics. As a result of the interaction, the elements of the specified spectrum are split into components and specialize. In this work, the initial data are derived from the analysis of the previous stage of evolution, where the splitting of ten n-nodes within one isolated cycle of the proto-structure is considered. Here we examine five n-nodes; in details, they are presented using approximately fifty interacting positions. These positions are located on three hierarchy levels: the level of positions n, as well as their splittings - the level of shifts n relative to the initial positions - the level of splitting shifts. The inter-level relations and the level of shifts are considered in detail, the basis of which is the invariants formed at the previous stage of evolution.
For application purposes, in the context of circular motion, each element of the spectrum n is interpreted as a relative angular momentum in the solar system. Otherwise, the element of the spectrum is split into components, and each of them is responsible for the subordinate distance or for the period of revolution. The evolutionary maturity of planetary distances and orbital periods

In the work, based on the equations of the compressible oscillating ether, derived from the laws of classical mechanics [2, 4-5], ether mathematical models of the nuclei of atoms of chemical elements were constructed. It is shown that the nucleus of any atom is a superposition of perturbation waves of ether density in several protons and several neutrons, having a common center and propagating around a common axis in one direction or in opposite directions, that is, having unidirectional or opposite spins. Formulas for the values of internal energies, masses, magnetic moments, and binding energies of atomic nuclei are derived, with an accuracy of fractions of a percent coinciding with their experimental values. Formulas for calculating the radii of atomic nuclei are obtained. Answers are given to many topical questions about the structure of atomic nuclei that modern atomic physics is not capable of answering, for example: why there are no nuclei consisting only of protons or only of neutrons; what is the nature of the nuclear forces holding together protons and neutrons in the nucleus; why the sizes of atomic nuclei practically do not depend on the atomic number of the chemical element; why the Coulomb barrier of the nucleus selectively works; why the fragments of the decomposition of transuranium elements into two nuclides are asymmetric; why there is no stable nucleus ; what is the reason for the different percentage in nature of different isotopes of the same chemical element?

The self-organizing system’s approaching evolutionary maturity is considered, which allows us to explain the characteristics of their orbits for the four planets of the solar system. The system does not possess any specifics of natural objects and is treated as part of a structure that has boundaries. The structure, in its turn, is represented as a set of relations on the numerical axis and is understood as a network of nodes (the allowed states) and relations between them. The system is formed on the basis of the deployment of a proto-structure, a two-component cyclically organized system of relations, which is treated as primary and is intended for a phased study of the evolution of natural systems. Evolution is understood as a deployment from stage to stage, taking into account the background. The proto-structure defines the spectrum of allowed states for n - the order parameter of the system, which subordinates two relative characteristics. As a result of the interaction, the elements of the specified spectrum are split into components and specialize. Here the feed data are the insights resulting from the analysis of the previous evolution stage, where the splitting of ten n-nodes within one isolated proto-structure cycle is considered. We study four n-nodes, which, as a result of detailing, are represented using approximately 50 positions interacting on the numerical axis. These positions are placed at three levels of the hierarchy: the level of positions n, as well as their splits - the level of shifts n relative to the initial positions - the level of small changes. Inter-level connections and the level of shifts are considered in detail, the basis of which are the invariants formed at the previous stage of evolution. An analysis of structural scenarios indicates the key role of shifts at the last stage of evolution.
When applied, each element of the spectrum n is interpreted as the relative moment of momentum in the solar system, when it comes to circular motion. Otherwise, any element of the spectrum is