Научный архив: статьи

Prime Minister Abe Shinzō inherited Russian policy from his father, Abe Shintarō, former Foreign Minister who endeavored to improve substantially Japan-Russia relations with Gorbachev. Consequently when Abe was reelected as Prime Minister in December 2012, Russian policy was one of his highest policy objectives. This analysis follows chronologically how his policy developed during the eight years of Prime Minister-ship until September 2020 when he retired. It gives overall perspectives on how he enlarged the scope of relationship from economic, cultural, security, ultimately tackling the most difficult issue of peace treaty negotiations. In November 2018 at his meeting with Putin in Singapore he proposed to resolve the territorial issue based on the 1956 Joint Declaration and for a while the negotiations proceeded well. But soon after, the two sides came apart in furthering closer ties. Two years after his retirement Abe was tragically assassinated. But in these two years, Abe left a testimony over his policy he covered as Prime Minister, to groups of journalists. Hokkaido Shimbun, which followed most meticulously Abe’s Russian policy published already a ground breaking book while he was still alive, including an important interview Abe made in December 2021. But another group of journalists primarily of Yomiuri Shimbun made a long interview on Abe’s overall policy agendas, Russian policy being one of the focal points, narrated surely without any anticipation of his tragic ending. Yomiuri Journalists published in 2023 all Abe’s account, which Abe surely expected to be published in much later stage. This paper’s analysis is primarily based on those so far little-known Yomiuri narrative. The author concludes that what remains as most impressive is Abe’s conviction that drastically improving relations with Russia is in Japan’s national interest and his tireless energy to have pursued his wide and deep scope of Japan’s relations with Russia including the most difficult issue of a peace treaty conclusion.

The article deals with the peculiarities of the modern Finnish detective novels compared to Scandinavian noir. Among the distinctive features of Scandinavian detective novels one can name psychologicalism, the special role of the Nordic landscape, the aestheticisation of violence, mystical atmosphere and the image of the protagonist, who is usually a non-ideal policeman. On the material of 10 novels by Finnish authors (Leena Lehtolainen and Elina Backman) and 9 novels by Swedish authors (Lisa Marklund and Camilla Läckberg) a comparative analysis is carried out in order to identify the characteristic features of the Finnish detective novel. L. Lehtolainen is one of the writers who pioneered the modern Finnish detective novels, with her first novel written in 1993. Her works have been translated into 29 languages. E. Backman started writing in 2020, her novels have been translated into 15 languages and translation rights have been sold to 17 countries. Their works convey the problems and values of Finnish society not only to Finnish but also to foreign readers. L. Marklund and C. Läckberg published their debut novels at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, and their works are also popular in different countries and well known in Finland. The analysis revealed common characteristics of Swedish and Finnish detective novels, e. g. a combination of analytical and action-packed plot, reference to typical problems of the welfare state. The peculiarities of Finnish detective novels include the significant role of teams in professional environment, which demonstrates the level of trust in the police in society; the absence of problematisation of gender roles in society, which proves the possibility of real equality of women; the description of nature not as a background landscape, which illustrates the special attitude of Finns to nature; the desire of writers to acquaint the reader with the Finnish way of life

В 2024 г. отмечается юбилей — 2000-летие со дня окончания труда Страбона «География». Это произведение Страбона — самое значимое, наряду с Геродотом, сочинение о географии древней Восточной Европы. Поэтому закономерно внимание к этой дате, результатом чего является данный выпуск журнала. Отзыв на книгу А. В. Подосинова «Ex oriente lux!» — символическое введение в этот номер журнала с названием «География».

Работа, освещающая традиционные образы пространства в основных архаических культурах Евразии, является примером масштабного и системного анализа пространственных представлений. Благодаря «Ex oriente lux!» возникла возможность реконструкции пространственных представлений по археологическим материалам. Пространственные образы и представления относятся к тому типу представлений, в которых выявлены закономерности и принципы, универсальные для многих культур. В основе мировоззренческой системы древних народов лежали общие представления о пространстве. В статье показано значение и устойчивость ориентационных схем и образов пространства на примере памятников сарматской эпохи и раннего средневековья. Пространственные представления находят отражение в языке, архитектуре, археологических памятниках, поэтому исследования этой проблемы предполагает междисциплинарный диалог и создает поле междисциплинарного взаимодействия.

Приведены результаты экспериментальных исследований по получению высокоапертурных заготовок кварцевых волоконных световодов с повышенным содержанием фтора (до 7 вес. %) и утолщенной оболочкой на основе кварцевого стекла, легированного фтором, при помощи неизотермической плазмы резонансного локального СВЧ-разряда (PCVD-метод). Достигнуты высокие скорости осаждения слоев кварцевого стекла, легированного фтором (вплоть до 3 мкм/мин), и соотношения s/a (где s – диаметр заготовки, a – диаметр сердцевины) на уровне 1,3–1,4 и выше.

анализ понятийного аппарата по теме исследования: инклюзивный туризм, инклюзивная среда, ограничения жизнедеятельности, маломобильные группы населения, инвалидность. Рассматривается связь реализации государственной политики в сфере развития туризма и основных направлений обеспечения доступности разным категориям граждан, в том числе с особыми потребностями.

Посредством статистического анализа выявлен ряд факторов, непосредственно влияющих на качество оказания туристических услуг людям с особыми потребностями: динамика численности инвалидов в Российской Федерации, количество важных объектов инфраструктуры, соответствующих требованиям доступности для людей с особыми потребностями, численность сотрудников сферы транспорта, прошедших обучение по вопросам взаимодействия с лицами с ограниченными возможностями здоровья, а также по вопросам оказания услуг сопровождения людям с инвалидностью и маломобильным группам населения.

Выделены социально-экономические аспекты, подчеркивающие влияние доступных туристических услуг на качество жизни людей с особыми потребностями. Рассмотрены основные преимущества реализации концепции инклюзивного туризма, а также возможные барьеры на пути реализации. По результатам исследования выявлены пути улучшения качества услуг и повышения уровня обслуживания, направленные на удовлетворение потребностей всех категорий туристов.

Protists inhabit waters with different salinities up to saturation, and play significant roles in the food webs. In hypersaline environments, the simplified communities are composed of mainly pro- and eukaryotic halophilic microorganisms. The aim of this study was to characterize the prokaryotic assemblages associated with uniprotist cultures of heterotrophic and phototrophic halophilic protists isolated from inland saline water bodies and maintained under laboratory conditions for a long time. The cultures were represented by chlorophycean algae Dunaliella and Asteromonas, as well as by heterotrophic protozoa of the phylum Heterolobosea. DNA metabarcoding revealed that the prokaryotic assemblages differed drastically between the phototrophic and heterotrophic protists in richness, diversity and taxonomic composition. Generally, the prokaryotic assemblages of Heterolobosea protozoa were richer than those of chlorophycean algae. In the algal microbiomes, only few prokaryotic genera were revealed. They were represented by the bacterial phylum Pseudomonadota and the archaeal phylum Halobacteriota. Rather diverse prokaryotic assemblages were associated with the cultures of halophilic Heterolobosea protozoa. They were composed of the phyla Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota, Balneolota, Thermodesulfobacteriota, Halobacteriota, and Nanohaloarchaeota. Predicted functional profiles of the prokaryotic assemblages revealed the pathways responsible for close metabolic interactions between the halophilic protists and their prokaryotic associates, including synthesis of organic osmotic solutes and their conversion, degradation of sugar and organic aromatic compounds, biosynthesis of cofactors and vitamins. The dramatic differences between prokaryotic assemblages of heterotrophic and phototrophic protists suggest the existence of different selection mechanisms shaping microbiomes of the halophilic protists that still have to be elucidated.

В статье рассматриваются фигура учителя, сервиевские personae doctoris, в «Георгиках» Вергилия. Мы считаем, что в поэме Вергилия впервые в жанре дидактического эпоса в роли учителя выступает не только сам дидактический поэт, но и боги и культурные герои: прежде всего это Юпитер и Аристей. Юпитер выступает в роли учителя человечества, когда заканчивает Золотой век, чтобы люди «не закоснели в бездействии». Аристей показывает людям искусство бугонии, которое в свою очередь ему открыли боги. То, что боги и люди выступают в роли учителей, важно не только как жанровая инновация Вергилия per se. Это также приближает нас к интерпретации поэмы как поэмы в том числе о знании и обучении. Кроме того, это подтверждает и наши предыдущие выводы о том, что труд и человеческое существование в «Георгиках», несмотря на все препятствия, не напрасны при условии благосклонности покровителя и наставлений богов.

The presented article attempts to consider the peculiarities of the stay of political prisoners in the Russian Empire in places of deprivation of liberty associated with serving the sentence established by the court. In particular, it is about the political prisoner Leonid Vasilievich Orlov, who was convicted for revolutionary activity and, being in Vladikavkaz regional prison in 1909, tried to resist the prison administration, which, in the specified period, toughened the regime of imprisonment, in connection with the consequences of the events of the First Russian Revolution (1905-1907). Orlov L. V. tried to defend his civil rights and the dignity of other political prisoners, considering this process as a continuation of the struggle against tsarism and revolutionary activities to which their lives were devoted. The article shows the conditions of convicts and prison administration, reveals the life and manners that reigned in certain places of deprivation of liberty in the penitentiary system of the Russian Empire of the early twentieth century, where not the least role, as it often happened, played the personal factor of a particular administrator (in this case, the head of the prison).

From 1915 to 1917 in the town of Kirsanov, Tambov province, there was a camp for Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war of Italian nationality, who accepted the Italian government’s offer to be sent to Italy and then join its armed forces. The article studies the living conditions of prisoners of war of the Austro-Hungarian army of Italian nationality in the camp of Kirsanov city of Tambov province during the First World War.

The concept of “psychological tourism” is only beginning to gain popularity, mainly as a practical direction offered by travel agencies, individual psychological centers and event-organizations. Different interpretations of this concept, as a rule, are limited to the description of the content, without touching upon theoretical aspects and without providing a conceptual basis for this practice. The concept of “psychological tourism”, despite its apparent clarity, allows different interpretations: from a specific type of tourist activity to the field of psychological practice or their symbiosis. However, the characteristic features and specificity of PT, its methodological apparatus, mechanisms of therapeutic influence and its position in the system of psychological assistance require further elaboration. Within the framework of this article we intend to propose a working definition of “psychological tourism” as an applied tool of group psychological support, as well as to form a theoretical framework based on the integrative approach in psychology.

The dislocation activity controls the plastic deformation in the most of metallic materials. Mechanical loading with high strain rates or with high strain gradients can lead to either homogeneous nucleation of the dislocation or emission of dislocations from various heterogeneities, such as nanopores and phase precipitates. The dislocation nucleation and emission trigger plasticity, which relaxes the shear component of stresses. In this work, we study the threshold of dislocation emission from nanosized copper inclusions in an aluminum single crystal in comparison with the homogeneous nucleation of dislocations in pure metal. We consider different shapes of inclusions (spherical, cylindrical and cubic) and rather arbitrary axisymmetric deformations by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. For most deformation paths, the copper inclusions substantially reduce the threshold of plasticity incipience, while the inclusions have no effect for some deformation paths with either axial or transverse extension. Depending on the deformation path, the shape of inclusion can either influence the emission threshold or not. Thus, there is a complex dependence of the threshold of plasticity incipience on the deformation path, the presence and the form of copper inclusions. This dependence is approximated by means of an artificial neural network (ANN) trained on the results of MD simulations. The trained ANN can be further applied as a constitutive equation at the level of continuum mechanics.

The authors analyze physical activity among young people, note which sports are in great demand among students. The main motive of physical activity of young people is the desire to have a beautiful figure, to be physically developed. Young people are interested in healthy lifestyle issues.