В связи с тем, что в статье рассматриваются вопросы правового регулирования пенитенциарной системы в Российской империи первой половины XIX века, предметом исследования являются организационно-правовые основы деятельности уголовно-исполнительной системы в данный период. Объектом исследования является сама пенитенциарная система Российской империи. Авторами предпринята попытка комплексного анализа нормативных правовых актов, затрагивающих уголовно-исполнительную систему с 1801 по 1845 годы, прослежена их реализация на региональном уровне, на примере Владимирской губернии, как территориального образования, в котором были представлены практически все имевшиеся на тот момент в стране места лишения свободы. Временные рамки обусловлены первыми попытками реформирования пенитенциарной системы в XIX столетии и изданием Уложения о наказаниях уголовных и исправительных в 1845 году - своего рода первого российского уголовного кодекса. Методологической основой исследования является совокупность общеисторических методов исследования, использование которых определяется характером изучаемого материала: Полное собрание законов Российской империи, документы государственного архива Владимирской области. Анализ показал, что первая половина XIX столетия является периодом серьезных изменений в законодательстве, становлением новой пенитенциарной системы страны. Именно тогда была создана отраслевая система управления государством, в которой нашлось место и учреждениям уголовно-исполнительной системы. Возникло попечительное о тюрьмах общество, которое имело целью нравственное исправление осужденных, улучшение условий содержания их под стражей. Были регламентированы деятельность тюрем, арестантских рот, запрещены пытки и пр. К сожалению, как было выявлено в ходе исследования, реализация многих начинаний на местах, в частности во Владимирской губернии, запаздывала из-за традиционной бюрократической волокиты и хронической нехватки денежных средств. Хотя, конечно же, стоит отметить вклад неравнодушных людей в нелегкое и неблагодарное пенитенциарное дело.
В представленной статье исследованы миграционные процессы и их влияние на этнические и социально-демографические характеристики населения в XIX–первой половине XX вв. Выявлены социально-экономические и политические факторы, способствовавшие миграции населения в указанный период.
В статье рассматривается ранее никем не изучавшийся вопрос, ценность и актуальность которого долгое время не осознавались – вопрос о призыве в период Великой Отечественной войны советских граждан из Тувинской Народной Республики в рабочие батальоны1 трудовой армии СССР. По данным, собранным в ходе подготовки научно-справочных изданий «Книга Памяти Республики Тыва» и «Вернулись с Победой! Тува», опубликованных архивных документов и научных публикаций по военной истории Красноярского края в статье выявляются общая численность призванных, обстоятельства и особенности призыва, определяются критерии отбора и места трудовой деятельности трудармейцев, прослеживаются их судьбы.
The article deals with the process of struggle of the Komsomol organization with opposition and alternative associations of youth in Simbirsk (Ulyanovsk) province in 1918 - 1928. The authors on the basis of archival materials from the State Archive of Modern History of the Ulyanovsk region, ego-documents and periodicals, introduced for the first time in the scientific turnover, touch upon the formation of the Komsomol movement in the region, reveal the peculiarities of its interaction with the party and law enforcement agencies in the fight against non-communist youth organizations. The work scrupulously analyzes the process of obtaining the Komsomol monopoly on the implementation of work with young people. In conclusion it is noted that in Simbirsk (Ulyanovsk) provincial Komsomol organization and its subordinate committees, despite the regularly arising difficulties, managed to establish at a high level of interaction with party structures and securing the support of law enforcement agencies to carry out the liquidation of all alternative and opposition youth organizations operating in the region, providing itself a monopoly position.
The article presents the history of one of the oldest universities in Russia: Voronezh Institute of Chemical Technology (nowadays VGUIT). It characterizes the events connected with the names of graduates and teachers of the university. The analysis of the problems of war and peace is built on the basis of determining the priority vectors of historical development of such a large Russian university as Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies (during WWII - VKHTI). The data on scientific and technical programs that contributed to both military and technical support of victory over fascism during the war and peaceful development of the country are given.
A poetic gift is not a guarantee of a steady income and often cannot feed a poet. A poet, especially a beginner, has to combine poetic creativity with other occupations, sometimes having nothing to do with literature. Poets are not neglected and trade. The question of whether a poet and a merchant can coexist in one person does not have an unequivocal answer. Everything depends on the personality of the person, on the concrete-historical conditions, on the circumstances in which the poet lives and creates. Within the framework of this article we will consider the question of how the trade activity influenced the life of two Voronezh poets of the first half of the XIX century - Alexei Vasilievich Koltsov (1809 - 1842) and Ivan Savvich Nikitin (1824 - 1861).
In 2025, the Department of Theoretical and Industrial Thermal Power Engineering (TPTE) of Voronezh State Technical University (VSTU) celebrates a significant date - 50 years since the first graduation. For this event it was decided to write a history of the department from the moment of its formation to the present day. This article, in our opinion, will be interesting to former graduates of the department, will raise their interest and pride for their “alma mater”. The article will be useful for modern employers, who will have to choose heat power engineering for their enterprise, as well as for applicants, who choose their future profession and the place of its obtaining.
The paper describes the historical sequence of events that predetermined the discovery of the fundamental vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism of nanowires growth. It is shown that the history of the discovery of the VLS mechanism and its further development does not always represent a logical series of consecutive events. It is noted that the classical VLS scheme is the key in the whiskers and nanowires growth, but it is not the only possible one, but has many varieties. The paper will be useful for graduate students beginning work in this field and may be of interest to researchers who have devoted their lives to crystal growth and crystallization.
The article is devoted to one of the little-studied aspects of Indian history - the anti-British “Leave India” movement of 1942 and the reaction of allied countries in the Anti-Hitler and Anti-Japanese coalitions. The authors use the materials of the Ministry of External Affairs of the National Archives of India, published volumes of British government documents, memoirs, and the press of those years. Based on a critical analysis of the sources, it is concluded that the Allies’ position on the “Leave India” movement was similar - none of the countries supported it. The growth of a national movement in India against British rule in 1942 was a less pressing issue for the Allies than waging a world war against the aggressors. Internationalism discretely took precedence over anti-colonial nationalism.
The presented article attempts to consider the peculiarities of the stay of political prisoners in the Russian Empire in places of deprivation of liberty associated with serving the sentence established by the court. In particular, it is about the political prisoner Leonid Vasilievich Orlov, who was convicted for revolutionary activity and, being in Vladikavkaz regional prison in 1909, tried to resist the prison administration, which, in the specified period, toughened the regime of imprisonment, in connection with the consequences of the events of the First Russian Revolution (1905-1907). Orlov L. V. tried to defend his civil rights and the dignity of other political prisoners, considering this process as a continuation of the struggle against tsarism and revolutionary activities to which their lives were devoted. The article shows the conditions of convicts and prison administration, reveals the life and manners that reigned in certain places of deprivation of liberty in the penitentiary system of the Russian Empire of the early twentieth century, where not the least role, as it often happened, played the personal factor of a particular administrator (in this case, the head of the prison).