Статья: АНТИЧНЫЕ ПРОГИМНАСМЫ В КЛАССЕ СОФРОНИЯ ЛИХУДА (2022)

The following analysis concerns Pliny’s excursus on mazzard (sweet cherry) cultivation in Rome in the Book 15 of the Historia naturalis. Pliny links their introduction and spread to the conquests of the Roman army under the command of illustrious general and bon vivant L. Licinius Lucullus. The confrontation of Pliny’s narrative with other sources, as well as with the findings of contemporary researchers, indicate that Lucullus could not have been the first discoverer of the mazzard and the chronological information Pliny gives should be treated with special caution. Most relevantly, Athenaeus of Naucratis invoked the same tradition, according to which Lucullus was also the author of the name of the mazzard (Greek κεράσια, Latin cerasia), to mock the tendency of the Romans to attribute Greek achievements to themselves. Pliny’s embellished argument, however, aligns perfectly with his Romanocentric and imperialist world picture. As an eminent historian, naturalist and official of the Roman Empire, he used certain passages in his immense encyclopaedia as a departure point to present idealistically the successes of the Roman army and its culture-forming role. In this context, Pliny’s description of the discovery and spread of mazzard cultivation serves as another illustration of the genius of the Romans and the power of their empire

The present paper is the first attempt at a bio-bibliography of Jan Luňák (1847–1935), the peripatetic classicist who roamed the Austro-Hungarian, German, and Russian empires before founding the classical seminar at the University of Ljubljana, in 1919, in what was then the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenians. Luňák studied in Prague and Leipzig and then moved to St Petersburg to earn his master’s in classical philology from Dorpat (now Tartu) and his doctorate in Greek literature from Kazan. In 1890 he became extraordinarius in Moscow, and in 1892 ordinarius in Odessa, from where he retired in 1907. Known primarily for his Quaestiones Sapphicae, he was forced to launch a second career in 1919, after World War I and then the October Revolution permanently separated him from his family and deprived him of his pension. He served as contractual professor of classical philology in Ljubljana until 1930 when he finally returned to Prague. Based on both published and archival material, the paper provides a historical context for his academic career (which had its roots in the Russian Philological Seminary in Leipzig, where Luňák was recommended by Friedrich Ritschl). It thus attempts to understand the somewhat disparate aspects of his complex scholarly itinerary. Apart from providing his comprehensive bibliography, the study hopes to serve as a stimulus for other primary sources to surface in the future

В статье анализируется период в истории кафедры классической филологии Ленинградского университета с 1938 по 1946 гг., за исключением военного времени (1942– 1944 гг.), когда кафедра находилась в эвакуации в Саратове. Привлечена делопроизводственная документация из архивных фондов (Центральный государственный архив г. Санкт-Петербурга и Объединенный архив СПбГУ) и мемуарные свидетельства (главным образом О. М. Фрейденберг). Анализ учебного плана кафедры, введенного в 1938 г., позволил сделать вывод о комплексной историко-филологической подготовке студентов отделения, уходящей корнями еще в дореволюционное время. Установлено, что политика заведующей кафедрой О. М. Фрейденберг по продвижению молодых кадров на кафедру (с передачей им учебных курсов, не всегда рационально обоснованной, на основном отделении) способствовала созданию конфликтной ситуации, которая вылилась в публичное обсуждение в мае 1946 г. на ученом совете возглавляемого ею подразделения. Это заседание не следует относить к разряду идеологических кампаний: оно имело под собой основание в виде профессиональных разногласий. Скандальность же защит Б. Л. Галеркиной и Н. В. Вулих была обусловлена не столько личностными мотивами, сколько научными различиями во взглядах на задачи классической филологии между О. М. Фрейденберг и представителями «старой» школы. Сами же диссертации оказались наспех выполненными, причиной чему явилась материальная сторона

В статье рассматривается история преподавания классических языков в первые годы с момента образования Главных народных училищ в Российской империи в правление Екатерины II. В качестве примера берется Тобольское Главное народное училище в период с 1789 по 1810 г., в которое были направлены выпускники Учительской семинарии Санкт-Петербурга. Дана характеристика реформы среднего образования при Екатерине II, краткая информация о реформах классического образования в XIX в. и их вопло - щении в Западной Сибири. Также анализируются учебники, переведенные с австрийских и заново написанные для Главных народных училищ. Подробно рассматривается Устав народных училищ в части практических и методических рекомендаций учителю иностранных языков (латинский и немецкий). Приводится анализ методических принципов учебника по латинскому языку Я. А. Коменского, адаптированного для преподавания латыни в Главных народных училищах. Рассматриваются основные тематические блоки и методические особенности подачи материала, приводятся примеры текстов учебника. Публикация ставит перед собой цель рассмотреть истоки развития российского классического образования как общественного института с точки зрения практического воплощения и методического анализа, а также произвести обзор организационных составляющих преподавания в Тобольском Главном народном училище. Исследуются конкретно-исторические условия работы учителей, особенности преподавания древних языков в сибирской столице. Материал свидетельствует о далеко не безупречном характере воплощения образовательных реформ 1780-х гг. в условиях Сибири. В то же время нельзя не признать, что реформы заложили необходимую основу для формирования систематического среднего образования в России и переходу к системе классических гимназий, имеющих связь и преемство с университетами европейской части России, что положительно сказалось на культурном и экономическом развитии Западной Сибири в XIX — начале XX в

This paper sheds new light on two Greek texts accompanying Aeschylus’ Prometheus Vinctus, in the fifteenth-century manuscript Q No. 2 of the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. The first text is a didactic poem on iambic versification, allegedly composed by Michael Psellos, and the other one is a mixture of book epigrams related to the subject of the Prometheus Vinctus. August Nauck studied the manuscript and published these texts. All further mentions of the manuscript depend on Nauck’s readings, which nobody seems to question. In the latest edition of Psellos, prepared by Westerink, the manuscript from St Petersburg has not been taken into account, albeit the editor mentions Nauck’s publication. As for the epigrams, they have been published several times, also without taking that manuscript into account. A new study of the codex shows that Nauck’s edition contains several minor misreadings, therefore, I propose a new edition, based on the St Petersburg manuscript, as well as other manuscripts bearing same or similar verses, which were, apparently, unknown to him. Analyzing the epigrams on Prometheus, I compare our manuscript with others which contain the same verses (usually in different order). I try to explain some of the mistakes in these texts and correct them, as well as to compare them with other readings.

In her critical edition of the Passio Nazarii, Celsi, Geruasii et Protasii (BHL 6043), a text dated to the 6th or 7th century AD and probably translated from Greek, Cecile Lanéry introduces several conjectural changes aimed at language standardization. The author of the present article takes issue with several of her conjectures and suggests that in each case the transmitted text actually stands criticism and should probably be left unchanged. At 2.3, the transmitted alapas is not to be changed to alapis with percutio, since percutio with both the accusative of direct object and the accusative of a word meaning “blow” is several times reliably attested in the Vetus Latina, and in one of these instances the word used for “blow” is actually alapa. At 5.1, et in the expression uocans Nazarium et dixit ei should not be deleted, since there are numerous parallels for this syntax in Late Latin. At 8.2, in carcerem is to be retained as a possible way to describe position in Late Latin, whether confusion of expressions denoting position and direction or hypercorrect graphic -m is at issue. At 12.1, the form imperatori is to be retained as a possible orthographic variant for the ablative in Late Latin

Der Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit drei Passagen aus Asconius’ Kommentar zu den Reden Ciceros. Im ersten der behandelten Fragmente berichtet Asconius, dass Ciceros Tochter Tullia im Wochenbett im Haus ihres Ehemannes P. Lentulus verstorben sei. Diese Darstellung steht im Gegensatz zur in der Forschung fast allgemein akzeptierten, wenngleich auf indirekte Quellenzeugnisse gestützten, Meinung, dass Tullia auf Ciceros tuskulanischer Villa verschieden sei, nachdem sie einen Sohn im Haus ihres Vaters in Rom geboren habe. Asconius’ Zeugnis wird der Nachricht Plutarchs (Cic. 41, 7–8) gegenübergestellt, in der die gleiche Version überliefert ist. Der Verfasser gelangt zur Schlussfolgerung, dass der Darstellung der beiden Autoren eine gemeinsame Quelle zugrunde liegt, nämlich die von Tiro verfasste Biographie Ciceros, in der nur der Geburtsort des Kindes Tullias, aber nicht der Todesort seiner Mutter angegeben wurde. Gestützt auf diese Information, kamen Asconius und Plutarch unabhängig voneinander zum folgerichtigen, aber irrtümlichen Schluss, dass Tullia im Haus ihres ehemaligen Ehemannes verstorben sei. In der zweiten Passage erwähnt Asconius, dass M. Licinius Crassus im Richterkollegium im Majestätsprozess des C. Cornelius im Jahre 65 saß. Im selben Jahre bekleidete Crassus die Zensur. Allerdings waren die amtierenden Magistrate von den Geschworenen ausgeschlossen. Da der Corneliusprozess in den späten Frühling oder die erste Hälfte des Sommers datiert werden kann, ist zu vermuten, dass Crassus zu diesem Zeitpunkt das Amt aufgab. Im dritten Teil des Aufsatzes wird Asconius’ Bericht über den Mord an Lucretius Afella untersucht. Nach Asconius wurde Afella von einem gewissen L. Bellienus ermordet, während Plutarch berichtet, dass Afella von einem der Zenturionen Sullas erschlagen worden sei. Der Verfasser kommt zum Schluss, dass diese zwei Menschen identisch sind, obwohl ihre mögliche Identität in der Forschung üblicherweise in Zweifel gezogen wird

Im folgenden Beitrag sollen Ciceros Nachrichten zu den römischen Schülern des griechischen Philosophen Panaitios (2. Jh. v. Chr.) mit Philodems Tradition, die uns durch seine Stoicorum Historia zugänglich ist, verglichen werden. Während Cicero in mehreren Zeugnissen prominente römische Politiker des zweiten Jhs. v. Chr. — unter anderem P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus — mit Panaitios in Verbindung bringt, bezeugt Philodem lediglich das Studium der beiden Samniten Marcius sowie Nysius und des Römers Piso — alle drei waren politisch wohl unbedeutend — bei Panaitios. Dies lässt sich durch die unterschiedlichen Zielgruppen der beiden Autoren erklären: Ciceros Leser waren in erster Linie die römischen nobiles, die sich (gelegentlich) mit der Philosophie beschäftigten, Philodem wiederum wendete sich an die Angehörigen eines Griechisch lesenden Fachpublikums. Die Tatsache, dass sich die, Listen‘ der Schüler bei den beiden Autoren nicht decken, ist somit kein Grund, ihre Historizität abzustreiten. Angemessener scheint es, neben den von Cicero genannten Politikern, die mit Panaitios befreundet waren, die Existenz italischer und römischer (Berufs-)Philosophen zu akzeptieren.

The article concerns the semantic nuances of the verb faxo in the Plautus’ language. The vast majority of the occurrences demonstrate causative semantics, but there are a few cases where such a meaning can hardly be seen. De Melo singled out the two occurrences in which faxo can be treated as either an adverb similar to forsitan or a parenthetical expression with the meaning “I assume.” The author of the article has found some more examples of the non-causative use of faxo and tried to find out which of De Melo’s suggestions is preferable. On the grounds of the grammaticalization principles suggested by Hopper and Heine, there has been traced the stages of grammaticalization of faxo in the language of Roman comedy, with particular attention to the broader context. It is demonstrated that the causative meaning which transpires in many examples tends to emerge in the “bridging contexts” of grammaticalization, while the transition to the semantics under consideration occurs at the following stage, i. e. in the “switch context”. Having analyzed all the occurrences of faxo against the broader contexts and comparative data from other languages, the author concludes that the rare sigmatic future faxo had over time become a semi-grammaticalized marker of the speaker’s stance, which allowed both evidential (inferential) and modal-epistemic interpretation

The Greek grammarian and lexicographer, Hesychius of Alexandria (5 th–6th c. CE) included a Pamphylian gloss: βουρικυπάρισσος ἡ ἄμπελος. Περγαῖοι in his dictionary of rare and dialectal words. Based on a microphilological and lexical analysis, I suggest that the Greek text should be read as follows: βουρίꞏ κυπάρισσος ἢ ἄμπελος. Περγαῖοι (“bourí: cypress or grapevine. Citizens of Perge”). The Pamphylian gloss in question represents two different borrowings of terms originating in the Near East. The first item βουρίꞏ κυπάρισσος (‘cypress’) seems to have been borrowed from Akkadian burāšu(m) ‘a kind of conifer tree; juniper or cypress’ with a Lycian intermediary (Akk. burāšu → Luw. *burašiš > Lyc. *burehi > *burhi → Pamph. βουρί), whereas the second one βουρίꞏ […] ἄμπελος (‘grapevine’) reflects a separate loanword from an Anatolian source, cf. Hitt. and Luw. muriš c. ‘a grapevine, a vine, a cluster or bunch of grapes or other fruit’. The Pamphylian dialect of Ancient Greek represents an extraordinary idiom, which was used in the neighbourhood of numerous Anatolian languages such as Lycian, Milyan, Sidetic, Pisidian and Cilician. It is therefore not surprising that the Pamphylian Greeks borrowed a number of cultural terms for plants from an Anatolian Indo-European source, as well as from Akkadian or other West Semitic languages via Luwian and Lycian. Additionally, other possible Anatolian borrowings into Ancient Greek (e. g. Gk. dial. βωληνή ‘a type of grapevine’, μῶλαξ ‘id.’ vs. Hittite maḫlaš c. ‘grapevine, Vitis vinifera L.’) are mentioned and reviewed

It is a well-known fact that tmesis (independent use of the preverb from its verb) as a linguistic phenomenon was progressively eliminated from Ancient Greek, so that only residual usage is attested in the language of the Classical age. However, one verb, ἀναδραμεῖν, retained tmetic usage with the particle τε intervening between the preverb and the verb, ἀνά τε ἔδραμε, until late Antiquity (Appian, Eunapius). It is significant that this construction (on par with the non tmetic form ἀνέδραμε) was used in prose, which suggests that it was part of actual linguistic usus. The article examines the reasons behind the unique longevity of this tmesis. Following an overview of the occurrences of ἀνά τε ἔδραμεν in Herodotus, Appian and Eunapius, and the comparison of the use of the tmetic and non tmetic forms, the elements of the construction are discussed. It is shown that the survival of ἀνά τε ἔδραμεν must have been influenced by the semantic development of the verb (the root no longer denotes actual running, but springing to one’s feet or rapid growth), as well as the capacity of the preverb ἀνα- to appear independently of its verb (the deontic ἄνα). Finally, a possible shift in meaning of τε (as invariable part of the expression) is discussed. While it is impossible to pinpoint one single factor that determined the singular longevity of the tmesis ἀνά τε ἔδραμε in Greek, a combination of factors seems to have contributed to its survival

In this paper, I demonstrate that the early Stoics adhered to a normative theory that may be called intentionalist: the moral significance of any action is not determined by its material content, but by the virtuous or vicious disposition of the agent’s soul and the intentions arising from this disposition. Since according to Stoics all people are divided into virtuous sages and vicious non-sages, all the actions of the former are morally right (κατορθώματα), whereas those of the latter are morally wrong (ἁμαρτήματα), even if they are materially identical. On the other hand, some statements in the Stoic fragments can rather be characterized as deontological: in this case, certain materially defined types of action (stealing, lying, adultery, etc.) seem to be presented as morally wrong in themselves. The paper’s central thesis is that such statements do not contradict the basic Stoic intentionalism but can be interpreted as consistent with it. Such an interpretation becomes possible under two conditions: firstly, if one takes into account how exactly the notions of κατόρθωμα and ἁμάρτημα relate to the Stoic notions of appropriate and inappropriate action (καθῆκον and παρὰ τὸ καθῆκον), and, secondly, if one examines the Stoic position on the moral status of lying, which is very revealing in this respect

Ancient authors did not leave us any description of ancient interpreters, and neither their usual functions nor possible social positions are known to us. Although this can be partially restored from written sources, the whole picture remains in the shadows. We are not aware of the ways in which people became interpreters in Antiquity, whether such a profession actually existed, and to what extent it is possible to apply the modern understanding of interpreters to ancient times. Finally, there are many dark corners in our understanding of historical specifics: the functions, social status and ethnic origin of interpreters obviously varied in different cultures and time frames. The use of a word or an expression defining the interpreter is another issue, for Greek ἑρμηνεύς, a traditional lexeme in dictionaries of Ancient Greek (LSJ, GE, DELG, GEW, EDG, Woodhouse), does not, in fact, always denote someone related to this line of work. In Xenophon’s Anabasis a person named Pigres is described as ἑρμηνεύς and one of the companions of Cyrus the Younger in his belligerent attempt to overthrow Artaxerxes II. Pigres is usually understood as an interpreter (Gehman, Lendle, Rochette, Wiotte-Franz, Stoneman etc.), but is there a solid basis for such understanding? What do we know about him? What does Xenophon tell us about his responsibilities? The study shows that Pigres’ identity should be understood in relation to the usage of the word ἑρμηνεύς in V–ΙV BCE and to the sociocultural context of Asia Minor under the rule of the Achaemenid dynasty

This article analyses the role of the prophet Teiresias in the Bacchae of Euripides in the particular context of sophistic influence. It views the originality of the prophet’s depiction as reflective of Euripides’ creative self-consciousness within an agonistic genre that relied on the malleability of ancient myth, particularly towards the end of tragedy’s “golden era”. Our particular aim is to present the prophet independently of the Sophoсlean background against which Teiresias is often viewed, and as a more complex figure than a (not especially satisfactory) radicalization of his earlier incarnations. The prophet in Bacchae is a liminal figure poised between tragedy and comedy, man and god, male and female, tradition and innovation. As such he parallels many of the “doublings” characteristic of Dionysus himself. The analysis re-examines the extent and nature of the comedy in the early Teiresias–Cadmus–Pentheus scene (170–369) in the context of the most recent scholarship. It then offers a close examination of the so-called sophistic speech by the prophet (266–327) within the framework of contemporary attitudes to sophism and how this has unfairly influenced scholarly perception of Teiresias’s authority as a dramatic character. The argument aims to establish Teiresias’s incarnation as both fifth-century intellectual and representative of traditional values. He thus reflects the tension between old and new in the integration of Dionysiac religion in mythical Thebes