Сладкое – наиболее сильная вкусовая модальность, формирующая пищевое поведение и влияющая на гомеостаз. В обзоре суммированы сведения о рецепции и кодировании вкусовых сигналов на уровне вкусовых почек и центров головного мозга при потреблении сладких веществ. Основное внимание уделено молекулярно-клеточным механизмам идентификации сладкого вкуса и детекции калорийного состава пищи, включая роль мембранных белковых рецепторов T1R2/T1R3 и связанного с ними внутриклеточного ферментативного каскада, а также метаболического механизма оценки концентрации поступающей в цитоплазму глюкозы. Описаны генетические аспекты чувствительности к сладкому и влияние полиморфизма генов рецептора сладкого вкуса на чувствительность к сахарам и низкокалорийным сахарозаменителям. В обзоре приведены результаты современных исследований эндокринной, паракринной и аутокринной модуляции рецепции и восприятия сладкого вкуса в зависимости от метаболического статуса организма. Сделано предположение о перспективном направлении исследований по проблеме.
Предпросмотр статьи
Идентификаторы и классификаторы
- SCI
- Биология
- УДК
- 612.87. Вкус
Углеводы – основной легко метаболизируемый источник энергии, а также источник глюкозы, метаболита, необходимого для работы мозга, в связи с чем, очевидно, сладкий вкус приобрел наибольшую гедонистическую привлекательность [41, 171].
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Фактор роста фибробластов (FGF21) является гормоном печени, который способствует адаптации организма к различным ситауциям, вызывающим напряжение систем метаболизма. В обзоре рассмотрены некоторые нерешенные вопросы, касающиеся физиологического действия этого уникального метаболического регулятора, суммированы основные знания о фармакологических свойствах FGF21 и освещены половые различия в их проявлении при коррекции ожирения. Обобщены результаты, показывающие, что эффективность использования FGF21 для терапии ожирения зависит от этиологии ожирения и пола. Подчеркивается необходимость исследования механизмов возникновения половых различий действия FGF21 для его успешного использования при лечении ожирения у особей мужского и женского пола.
Кортикотропин-рилизинг фактор (КРФ) и капсаицин-чувствительные афферентные нейроны с эфферентно-подобной функцией (КЧН) вносят важный вклад в регуляцию функций желудочно-кишечного тракта (ЖКТ) и гастропротекцию. Цель обзора заключалась в анализе данных литературы, в том числе и результатов собственных исследований, о взаимодействии КРФ и КЧН в обеспечении гастропротекции и регуляции функций ЖКТ, с фокусом на наиболее изученное их взаимодействие в регуляции моторной функции ЖКТ. На основании результатов исследований авторов обзора обсуждается возможность вклада КЧН в реализацию гастропротективного влияния КРФ и, наоборот, возможность участия КРФ в обеспечении гастропротективного действия капсацина, активирующего КЧН. Рассматривается вклад глюкокортикоидных гормонов в реализацию гастропротективного действия КРФ и компенсаторная гастропротективная роль данных гормонов в условиях выключения из функционирования КЧН.
Согласно современным представлениям, основу интеллектуальных проблем при нейрологических повреждениях мозга составляет активное забывание, регулируемое зависимыми от малых ГТФаз Rac и Rho сигнальными каскадами ремоделирования актина. Ключевой фермент этих каскадов – LIM-киназа 1 (LIMK1). Изменения экспрессии гена limk1 приводят к нейрокогнитивным патологиям. Для экспресс-скрининга и тестирования агентов целенаправленного терапевтического воздействия, изменяющих белок-белковые взаимодействия ГТФаз и компонентов сигнальных каскадов, необходимо создание и валидация простых животных моделей. Такую возможность предоставляет дрозофила, мутантные линии которой позволяют выявить узловые моменты пересечений биохимических и нервных сетей, сопровождающие активное забывание.
Наличие близких социальных связей – необходимое условие для психического и физического здоровья и благополучия в любом возрасте. Существенный процент населения Земли пережил условия “локдауна” в связи с пандемией COVID-19. Появляется все больше данных научной литературы, посвященных негативному воздействию социальной изоляции на внимание, память, восприятие, исполнительные функции и другие аспекты когнитивных процессов. Это может усложнять повседневную жизнь людей, снижая качество жизни. В обзоре предпринята попытка систематизации накопленных научных фактов о взаимосвязи социальной изоляции и развития нарушений когнитивных функций у человека, собранных в лонгитюдных популяционных исследованиях, а также проведен анализ данных о влиянии социальной изоляции разной длительности на процессы обучения и памяти, полученных в экспериментальных исследованиях на животных. Затронуты вопросы возможной связи этих нарушений, индуцированных социальной изоляцией, с изменением функционирования одной из систем стресс-реактивности – гипоталамо-гипофизарно-адреналовой оси и иммуновоспалительным ответом.
В обзоре представлены данные последних лет о восстановлении двигательных функций после спинальных травм: о спонтанной нейропластичности; о пластичности, зависящей от физической активности; о результатах использования эпидуральной и чрескожной электростимуляции спинного мозга для восстановления контроля движений; о нейрофизиологических изменениях и механизмах, инициируемых спинальной электростимуляцией, которые, возможно, способствуют функциональному восстановлению после травм спинного мозга.
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- Николай Николаевич Федосеенков (Директор)
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