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In the work, based on the equations of the compressible oscillating ether, derived from the laws of classical mechanics [2, 4-5], ether mathematical models of the nuclei of atoms of chemical elements were constructed. It is shown that the nucleus of any atom is a superposition of perturbation waves of ether density in several protons and several neutrons, having a common center and propagating around a common axis in one direction or in opposite directions, that is, having unidirectional or opposite spins. Formulas for the values of internal energies, masses, magnetic moments, and binding energies of atomic nuclei are derived, with an accuracy of fractions of a percent coinciding with their experimental values. Formulas for calculating the radii of atomic nuclei are obtained. Answers are given to many topical questions about the structure of atomic nuclei that modern atomic physics is not capable of answering, for example: why there are no nuclei consisting only of protons or only of neutrons; what is the nature of the nuclear forces holding together protons and neutrons in the nucleus; why the sizes of atomic nuclei practically do not depend on the atomic number of the chemical element; why the Coulomb barrier of the nucleus selectively works; why the fragments of the decomposition of transuranium elements into two nuclides are asymmetric; why there is no stable nucleus ; what is the reason for the different percentage in nature of different isotopes of the same chemical element?
The outstanding Russian soil scientist N.M. Tulaykov lived and worked at the beginning of the twentieth century, and made a great contribution to the scientific basis of agriculture in southern Russia. Coming from the poorest peasant family, he received an excellent education and worked with other eminent scientists. In 1908-1910 he was sent on a scientific and practical trip to the USA, Germany and Britain. In 1910 he was appointed as a director of Bezenchukskaya agricultural experiment station. From 1915 he headed the Agricultural Chemical Laboratory in Petrograd; from 1918 he was a Chairman of the Agricultural Scientific Committee at the Russian Ministry of Agriculture. From 1920 to the end of his life he headed the field-growing department at Saratov experimental station and was a professor at Saratov Agricultural Institute. He developed and promoted the dry farming system to combat famine (including famine in the Volga region in 1921-1923). He was unjustly repressed and died tentatively in 1937-1938 in the Solovki or in prison in Saratov.
The paper considers a new method for finding patterns in a chaotic system and an algorithm implementing it that automatically computes geometric, physical, and other possible interactions based on preferences between objects in a chaotic system in a reasonable computational time, selecting the only possible solution from the whole population. The algorithm has P-class simplicity in solving NP-class problems, bringing machine intelligence as close as possible to human intelligence. Descriptions of original solutions to a number of technical and creative problems are presented.
Using the formation of the Solar System as an example, it is shown that the Solar System evolves from chaos caused by a Supernova explosion to an ordered, deterministic structure or from chaos to order. Since there are billions of such structures in our Metagalaxy, it is concluded that ordering processes are prevalent in the Universe, which contradicts the definition of entropy accepted in the literature, according to which increasing entropy occurs in the direction of increasing disorder. This is explained by the fact that in cosmic processes, other forms of energy take an essential part, along with thermal energy, such as gravitational, electromagnetic or chemical energy, to which total entropy there can be assigned, and the last is not a measure of disorder and chaos in a thermodynamic system. In other words, the increase of total entropy in cosmic processes is not connected with the increase of disorder; and on the contrary, the more probable states are more ordered.
The paper discusses extreme precipitation recorded at 14 weather stations on the western coast of the Black Sea according to reanalysis data and at two weather stations according to observation data. Comparison of observation data with reanalysis data has been carried out. The relationship between extreme precipitation at each station and elementary circulation mechanisms (ECMs) has been analyzed according to typing by B.L. Dzerdzeevsky, V.M. Kurganskaya and Z.M. Vitvitskaya. The ECMs at which precipitation extremes were observed simultaneously at several stations were identified. It was determined at which ECMs on the western coast of the Black Sea extreme precipitation events occur most often and the multi-year changes in the duration of these ECMs were analysed.
The paper discusses extreme precipitation recorded at 12 meteorological stations on the Eastern Coast of the Black Sea according to reanalysis data and at three stations according to their observations. Comparison of observational data with reanalysis data is carried out. The relationship between extreme precipitations at each station and elementary circulation mechanisms (ECMs) according to typification developed by B.L. Dzerdzeevsky, V.M. Kurganskaya, and Z.M. Vitvitskaya has been analysed. ECMs was revealed, at which precipitation extremes were noted simultaneously at several stations. It has been established at which ECMs on the Eastern coast of the Black Sea extreme precipitation most often occurs, and long-term changes in the duration of these ECMs are analysed.
The objective of this work is to identify the features of the development of a complex system of mankind. The opportunities for the actions of people and humanity are included in the model of the system. Social structures as well as the impact of humanity on the environment are excluded from the model.
This article studies the stability of the model depending on the uncertainty of dates. The impact of the driving force on some properties of humankind’s model is considered.
We examined the lack of direct proportionality between the driving force and the increase in the number of resource groups. We also found a prolonged temporary slowdown in the growth of the number of resource groups.
The index of great creativity of mankind is introduced and calculated. The index dynamics indicated that a period of global slowdown in mankind’s creativity happened between 2000 BC and 1500 AD.
The relationship between the history of creativity and the history of events of mankind was examined.
We found that the move of the great creative activity of mankind from Asia to Europe occurred in the first millennium BC. The model also provided an answer to the question if the development of mankind is a directional and controllable process. It has been established that the development of mankind is aimed at expanding the range of opportunities for human actions. This trend has existed since 42000 BC.
This article has an interdisciplinary nature. It addresses issues related to complex systems and driving force, as well as about creativity and humankind’s history.
The evolution (unfolding) of a number of characteristics in an abstract system of relations is investigated depending on the change in its maximum scale factor, which allows the dependence of the Sun burning on the eccentricity of the Earth orbit to represent using an application. A structural approach is used, which basically excludes the specifics of specific systems. The analysis tool is a protostructure, while the structure is understood as a set of relations, and the protostructure appears as its supposed primary basis. It consists of two components, endowed with cyclic nature, and specifies the spectrum of positions of the order parameter n k , where k is an ordinal number of a node being an allowed state in the selected cycle k = 1 - 10. All normalizations are performed for the k = 3, which is convenient for the application. Earlier, for the node k = 3, we obtained model positions Δ 3 at different stages of evolution, where Δ 3 is the splitting of the position n 3 as a result of its interaction with other n-positions in the system of nodes k = 1-10. To compare the nodes in the named system, scale factors are proposed, of which the largest is selected. It is also shown that as a result of the interaction between the protostructure components, the system boundary n min is formed, on which, on the one hand, the limiting velocity υ max / υ 3, and on the other, the splitting of the position n 3 , Δ 3, depend. The indicated speed is understood as an invariant and corresponds to the speed of light within δ = 1 * 10 -5 %. This paper analyses M / m 3, which is the largest scale factor of the system called the key one; it decreases in the process of evolution and plays the role of a control parameter, on which all other characteristics depend, except for the invariant υ max / υ 3. The following values are suggested for M / m3: a) initial value; b) the value at which the splitting Δ 3 appears, and c) the relationships of the above characteristics. Being based on this, and taking into account the backstory, a disc
The paper discusses extreme precipitation recorded at 23 weather stations in the Crimea. Reanalysis data were used. The relationship between precipitation at each station and elementary circulation mechanisms (ECMs) according to B.L. Dzerdzeevsky, V.M. Kurganskaya, and Z.M. Vitvitskaya has been analysed. The ECMs were revealed, at which precipitation extremes were noted simultaneously at several Crimean stations. It has been established at which ECMs in the Crimea, extreme precipitations most often occur and long-term changes in the duration of these ECMs were analysed.
The objective of this work is to clarify the reasons for the uneven dynamics of the development of the human system. The named dynamics changes in different periods of human history. Opportunities for human’ activities are included in our system model. This model of the human system consists of elements that have not changed since its inception. This means that the elements of the system are invariants. These elements represent opportunities for human action. Social structures as well as the impact of humanity on the environment are excluded from the system model.
In this article, a hypothesis is put forward about a new driving force of mankind’s development. The previously known driving forces are global climate change and the driving forces of biological evolution. We show the correlation between the graph of the new driving force and the curve of the growing number of invariants in our model. The growth of the driving force is very uneven. The emergence of new invariants is the response of the system to the pressure of the driving force. This correlation explains the reason for the uneven dynamics of the development of mankind’s system.
This article is interdisciplinary in nature. It examines issues related to complex systems, geological eras, global climate, mankind’s history.
One of the aspects concerning the evolution (unfolding) of an abstract system of relations is investigated; this makes it possible to reveal its characteristic limiting relative speed and show that it differs little from the speed of light in the application. A structural approach is used, which basically excludes the specifics of specific systems. The analysis tools are the previously proposed protostructure and the order parameter n based on it. The structure is interpreted as a network consisting of nodes being allowed states and their links, which are rules responsible for stability. The structure is understood as a set of relationships, and the protostructure acts as its supposed principium endowed with a cyclic nature and specifying the spectrum of positions for the order parameter n k, where k = 1, 2, 3… 10 is the ordinal number of a node in the cycle 1:10. This mentioned cycle contains, in particular, the nodes n 2 and n 3, while most of the normalizations are performed using k = 3, which is convenient for application. The links between the previously revealed initial boundary of the system of relationships n min and the splitting Δ 3 for the node n 3 are considered; the splitting is also established on the basis of model considerations and corresponds to observations. Initially, the node n 2 is rigidly connected to the boundary n min. In this paper, we analyse the appearance and evolution of the link between the boundary n min and the node n 3 and the downplaying of the initial link with n 2. A search procedure n min is considered depending on the selection of Δ 3,. The positions n min and n 3 differ by about 4 orders of magnitude and are treated as a single system. The analysis is based on offsets of nodes relative to the original position, which allows us to ignore the difference in orders. The evolution process is unfolded as a scenario, or a set of successive steps or structural events, as a result of which a high degree of compatibility of system nodes is realized.
In the appendix, the system und
The structure of a virus and its interaction with cells is considered from the standpoint of systems theory for the first time. The substantiation of attributing the virus to a complex system and a living organism is given. The natural process of interaction between complex systems that are higher in the hierarchy than a virus is carried out through the exchange of information embedded in their code. The general mechanism of interaction between living complex systems is predicted by exchanging the systems that are on a lower hierarchy level. The regularity of changes not only in organisms and cells, but also in viruses during their interactions and mutations is substantiated on the basis of the laws of systems theory.