The complex systems

To simulate processes of various physical and chemical nature (which is important for solving various practical problems associated with systems characterized by the occurrence of physical and chemical processes in them), the authors previously developed in the framework of modern non-equilibrium thermodynamics potential The stream method of mathematical modeling of these processes is a unified approach to the description and modeling of processes of various physical and chemical nature. The authors also considered obtaining a mathematical model of a physical and chemical system from the equations of the potential-flow method that describes the processes in this system (this model is a relationship between the output characteristics of the physical and chemical system under consideration that have practical meaning). This approach is Monte Carlo methods, according to which the factors of the flow of physical and chemical processes are randomly set, the corresponding dynamics of these processes are determined from the equations of the potential-flow method, and then the model of the system under consideration is approximated on these dynamics. Hence, to reduce the amount of computation, it is necessary to simplify this system of equations piecewise. This paper is devoted to the simplification of potential-flow equations.

Relations between the object and the subject, the objective reality in quantum mechanics and the theory of systems are investigated. Only as a result of observation does a quantum object become either a particle or a wave. Without the role of an observer, an object can simultaneously be in many states, while not being in any of them. In essence, wave-particle duality directly contradicts the notion of the existence of «objective reality» independent of the observer. Quantum mechanics postulates the inseparability of the subject, object and their interaction, and the theory of systems determines their relationship. Material reality, neither objective nor subjective, exists. Quantum objects materialize their states depending on the conditions of observation and at the request of the observer. Objective, independent of us, the world does not exist. To one degree or another, we influence all the objects of this world, and the world affects us. Each of the interacting elements of the system contributes to the formation of the reality of the element of the system and the entire system as a whole. The more elements interact with a large number of system elements, the more «real» it is. This conclusion, however paradoxical, not only does not contradict, but also follows both from the laws of quantum mechanics and from the laws of systemology.

The article presents a brief history of the formation of representations in the category of «complexity». Modern interpretations of the term in various Sciences are shown. The system approach to understanding complexity is most fully stated.

In the work, based on the equations of the compressible oscillating ether, derived from the laws of classical mechanics [2, 4-5], ether mathematical models of the nuclei of atoms of chemical elements were constructed. It is shown that the nucleus of any atom is a superposition of perturbation waves of ether density in several protons and several neutrons, having a common center and propagating around a common axis in one direction or in opposite directions, that is, having unidirectional or opposite spins. Formulas for the values of internal energies, masses, magnetic moments, and binding energies of atomic nuclei are derived, with an accuracy of fractions of a percent coinciding with their experimental values. Formulas for calculating the radii of atomic nuclei are obtained. Answers are given to many topical questions about the structure of atomic nuclei that modern atomic physics is not capable of answering, for example: why there are no nuclei consisting only of protons or only of neutrons; what is the nature of the nuclear forces holding together protons and neutrons in the nucleus; why the sizes of atomic nuclei practically do not depend on the atomic number of the chemical element; why the Coulomb barrier of the nucleus selectively works; why the fragments of the decomposition of transuranium elements into two nuclides are asymmetric; why there is no stable nucleus ; what is the reason for the different percentage in nature of different isotopes of the same chemical element?