Having non-linear equations share properties is useful, but when it comes to measurements and calculations, every non-linear system is a thing in itself. Comprehension of one of them gave absolutely nothing for penetration into the other. The Lorenz attractor revealed the stability and hidden structure of a system that, otherwise, seemed completely unstructured. But how could this double helix help specialists study objects that have nothing to do with it? No one knew.
The discoverers of new forms compromised the rigor of the scientific style. Ruelle wrote: “I have not mentioned the aesthetic impact of strange attractors. These tangles of curves and swarms of dots sometimes conjure up magnificent fireworks or mysterious galaxies, sometimes they resemble a bizarre riot of plants. Before us is a vast realm of undiscovered forms and unknown perfection.
Relations between the object and the subject, the objective reality in quantum mechanics and the theory of systems are investigated. Only as a result of observation does a quantum object become either a particle or a wave. Without the role of an observer, an object can simultaneously be in many states, while not being in any of them. In essence, wave-particle duality directly contradicts the notion of the existence of «objective reality» independent of the observer. Quantum mechanics postulates the inseparability of the subject, object and their interaction, and the theory of systems determines their relationship. Material reality, neither objective nor subjective, exists. Quantum objects materialize their states depending on the conditions of observation and at the request of the observer. Objective, independent of us, the world does not exist. To one degree or another, we influence all the objects of this world, and the world affects us. Each of the interacting elements of the system contributes to the formation of the reality of the element of the system and the entire system as a whole. The more elements interact with a large number of system elements, the more «real» it is. This conclusion, however paradoxical, not only does not contradict, but also follows both from the laws of quantum mechanics and from the laws of systemology.
The structure of a virus and its interaction with cells is considered from the standpoint of systems theory for the first time. The substantiation of attributing the virus to a complex system and a living organism is given. The natural process of interaction between complex systems that are higher in the hierarchy than a virus is carried out through the exchange of information embedded in their code. The general mechanism of interaction between living complex systems is predicted by exchanging the systems that are on a lower hierarchy level. The regularity of changes not only in organisms and cells, but also in viruses during their interactions and mutations is substantiated on the basis of the laws of systems theory.