French cuisine is famous all over the world, and French dishes are cooked and served everywhere, including Norway. Along with the dishes, their names have been borrowed, undergoing spelling, phonetic and semantic changes. Since French names of dishes and products have been penetrating into European languages for several centuries, many of them are not perceived as borrowed by the speakers of these languages. The article examines the place of French loanwords in Norwegian culinary discourse: the use of such vocabulary in home cooking and its functioning in cafés and restaurants. Purist sentiments have always been quite strong in Norway, which is explained by the history of the country and the Norwegian language. This fact also manifests itself in relation to the culinary vocabulary, which contains a significant number of borrowings mainly from the French language. A comparison of borrowings of this kind found in Norwegian with borrowings into the Russian culinary lexicon, which has experienced the exceptionally strong French influence, demonstrates that both in quantity and composition these lexical-semantic groups in the two languages are comparable. The English translations of Norwegian words in the paper show that often the same French lexemes were borrowed into English, too. As for the composition of Norwegian culinary designations of French origin, these are nouns (mainly names of products and dishes) and verbs (designations of food processing methods). French substantive borrowings have entered everyday Norwegian long ago and firmly, and the finely developed French terminology of food processing is widely used in the professional discourse of chefs. Cafés and restaurants are visited to satisfy hunger in a festive atmosphere, an element of which is the French names of dishes. The desire of purists to eliminate French loanwords from the Norwegian culinary vocabulary is hardly realisable. In the field of cookery, however, the translator’s false friends are revealed.
Особенности требований к литературному редактору и зачастую отсутствующий институт корректуры в норвежских издательствах становятся причиной появления ошибок и неточностей в литературных текстах, издающихся в Норвегии. Проблема авторских ошибок стоит особняком в ряду переводческих сложностей и заставляет переводчика решать, каким образом поступить с авторской ошибкой или недочетом в переводимом тексте. Сейчас при издании норвежской переводной литературы на русском языке от переводчика не требуется вносить изменения в авторский текст, в том числе и исправлять ошибки, однако такая стратегия не всегда оправдана. При сохранении ошибок в тексте перевода существенно снижается качество самого текста, а авторитет автора и издательства в глазах читателя может упасть. Среди авторских ошибок можно выделить следующие группы: очевидные и неочевидные фактические ошибки; непроверенные и не подтвержденные фактами утверждения; внутренние текстологические расхождения, связанные с сюжетной составляющей произведения. Последние особенно свойственны произведениям художественной литературы. При работе с текстом, содержащим авторские ошибки, переводчик способен отчасти сгладить и устранить их. Хотя единую стратегию работы переводчика с авторскими ошибками определить сложно, разрабатывая подобную стратегию, переводчику следует руководствоваться тем, насколько текст выполняет свои функции и, исходя из этого, выбирать стратегию, подходящую для каждого отдельного случая. Так, большинство ошибок первой группы переводчик способен исправить самостоятельно, ошибки второй группы желательно оставить на усмотрение научного редактора или фактчекера, а ошибки третьей группы целесообразнее урегулировать с автором
The article analyzes the lexical-semantic group “fire” in the Old Norse and the modern Norwegian languages. Old Norse is the ancestor language of modern Norwegian, which opens up wide opportunities for comparative analysis of the chosen lexical units’ semantic content. The aim of the study is to compare historical and modern lexical-semantic variants of the selected lexemes. The authors distinguish the following Old Norse lexemes of the lexical-semantic group “fire”: eldr, bál, bruni, brenna, and log (logi); in modern Norwegian those are ild, bål, brann, lue, flamme, bluss, and fyr. The material for the analysis is a text corpus including Icelandic sagas and Norwegian works of fiction and news articles, which serve as a basis for contextual analysis aimed to identify the inherent meanings of the words. The authors conclude that the modern Norwegian language retains a great variety of vocabulary with the basic meaning of “fire”, which also was typical of the Old Norse language. Each of the studied words has a number of lexical-semantic variants, and not all the Norwegian lexemes considered derive their etymology from the Old Norse ones. Moreover, several lexical units in modern Norwegian have acquired a number of additional meanings, which can be explained by historical and technological development of society. The authors note that the group of lexemes under consideration is also characterized by the phenomena of metonymic and metaphorical transfer. Metaphorical transfer is of particular interest, as it is manifested in the description of strong feelings and emotions, both in Old Norse and in modern Norwegian.